男女企业家创业行业选择差异的影响因素及其作用机制研究

传统的行业选择差异主要从能力分工和行业吸引力等角度进行分析,无法很好地解释个体在新创企业时究竟该选择进入何种行业。企业家在企业中起主导作用,尤其在初创期内企业家对创业活动的整个过程均产生重要影响。从创业者自身角度出发,运用企业家理论和社会网络理论分析了初创期男女企业家创业行业选择差异的影响因素,并通过合理的逻辑推演构建起一个全新的概念模型,描述了各影响因素之间的动态作用机制。     

“分享经济”时代企业进入共享单车行业的路径——以中国共享单车行业为例

运用产业组织理论SCP范式法对中国共享单车行业现状进行分析,得出共享单车行业存在一定的资金壁垒,未来一段时间内将持续动态调整。共享单车行业特殊,规模竞争策略和差异化竞争策略是企业参与市场竞争的有效手段,共享单车行业的重资金模式,使其市场绩效良好的同时又存在一定的风险。文章以是否新建平台和是否新入共享单车行业2个维度将企业参与共享单车行业分为"旧业务,旧平台"、"新业务,旧平台"、"旧业务,新平台"和"新业务,新平台"共4个路径,并结合案例加以说明,以期为企业在决定是否加入共享单车行业及选择怎样的路径加入共享单车行业时提供相应的参考。     

市场驱动的联盟企业专利策略选择及产出效应

当前,战略联盟成为企业强化其市场地位的一种重要选择。本文以联盟企业为对象,考察了出于市场考虑建立联盟的企业如何在专利策略选择的基础上进一步实现其战略目标和绩效目标。构建"市场动机-专利策略-企业创新绩效"的分析框架,分别提出市场动机影响企业专利策略选择以及市场动机、专利策略影响企业创新绩效的作用关系假设,选取信息技术产业战略联盟作为样本,实证检验了市场动机、专利策略及企业创新绩效间作用关系,得到:(1)市场地位差异导致联盟企业的动机及其选择的专利策略不同,市场地位不强的企业趋于在市场进入动机下选择专利防御和专利杠杆的策略组合,市场地位较强的企业则在市场拓展的动机下实施专利专有和专利杠杆策略;(2)联盟基础上的专利策略实施影响企业的创新绩效,市场进入动机下,市场地位不强的企业借助专利策略组合促进其创新效率及市值的增加,而具有市场地位的企业选择的专利策略仅作用于其市值,对创新效率以及专利产出均不存在影响。     

团购的网络经济学特征及企业竞争策略研究

作为一种创新的电子商务模式,网络团购依靠其特殊的运行方式和盈利模式风靡全球,近两年在国内得到了迅速发展,前景十分广阔.相比传统产业,网络团购有着独特的经济特征和企业行为,然而相关的研究却非常缺乏.本文从网络经济学的角度深入探讨网络团购的网络外部性、市场结构和运行规律等特征,提出了差异化、锁定和构建进入壁垒等企业策略,以期为网络团购这个新兴行业的健康发展以及相关企业参与竞争提供一个新的研究思路.     

新兴产业进入国际市场的决策分析模型及其应用

针对我国现阶段新兴产业国际和国内市场选择过程中的困惑,从目标国家(地区)"市场吸引力"和新兴产业"现有基础和能力"两个维度构建了新兴产业进入国际市场的分析评估模型,尝试将灰靶模型应用到目标国家(地区)市场吸引力的靶心度和相应等级评估分析中,应用熵权法对新兴产业现有基础和能力进行分析评估。根据国际市场的目标吸引力和我国新兴产业现有基础与能力的分析,我国新兴产业需要选择"进入""观察"和"排除"三种不同的国际市场行动方案。应用该模型对光伏和高铁等新兴产业的典型企业进行评估分析,结果表明该模型具有较好的适用性和操作性,为我国新兴产业国内外市场路径的选择提供了一种具体的操作方法。     

小议壁垒的分类及商业的进入壁垒途径

为什么大量的新企业能在短期内进入商业领域,导致低水平过度竞争和无序竞争行为,进而产生消极的市场效果?要从深层次上分析我国商业竞争中存在的一系列问题,并探索解决这些问题的途径,就需要分析我国商业的进入壁垒。商业的进入壁垒是新企业进入流通产业所面临的一系列障碍,根据现代产业组织理论,进入壁垒的一般构成因素是:规模经济壁垒、产品差异壁垒、相对费用壁垒和行政法规壁垒。本文在分析市场进入壁垒的类型入手,分析了商业进入壁垒的有效途径。     

基于演化博弈的新兴产业进入策略选择及模型研究

企业进入新兴产业存在巨大的风险,进入策略的选择对于关注新兴产业的潜在进入企业至关重要。在有限理性的前提下对潜在进入企业以及在位企业的策略进行分析,运用演化博弈理论对在位企业以及潜在进入企业的策略选择互动机制进行研究,分析产业阻入程度以及政府政策对潜在进入企业和在位企业策略选择的影响。通过模型研究分析发现,降低产业进入成本以及阻入程度、加大新技术开发的支持力度、制定相关支持性政策等对企业进入新兴产业有正向影响,从而能够推动新兴产业的发展。     

联盟企业专利策略选择及其产出效应研究——技术获取的视角

技术获取作为众多企业选择建立战略联盟的重要原因,促进了企业创新绩效的提升。然而,技术获取的联盟动机对企业创新产出的影响却是一个极为复杂的作用过程。本文以已有研究为基础,引入专利策略构建"技术获取-专利策略选择-创新绩效"的分析框架,考察技术获取的联盟动机如何借助专利策略选择作用于企业创新绩效。选取信息技术产业的联盟企业作为样本,通过实证研究发现:技术获取动机会引致企业专利策略组合的运用,实现了技术获取向创新绩效的转化;技术获取引致的企业创新绩效因联盟意图及策略组合而存在差异,以市场进入为目标的情形下,企业创新效率和专利产出趋于增加;以市场拓展为诉求的联盟企业市值得到强化。     

基于SCP范式的我国物联网产业分析

作为国家"十二五"规划的重要战略性新兴产业之一,物联网产业在我国具有良好的市场基础。以产业组织理论中的SCP范式作为我国物联网产业的分析框架,从总体市场特征、市场集中度、进入及退出壁垒、产品差异化四个方面分析我国物联网产业的市场结构,从运营机制、创新行为、投资策略、组织结构调整四个方面分析物联网企业的市场行为,从提高经济效益及增加社会就业、增强自主创新、改善生态效益三个方面讨论物联网产业的市场绩效,提出进一步优化物联网产业的对策建议。     

基于标准化与专利策略的技术创新扩散的演化博弈研究

我国专利运营策略与标准化策略尚处于起步阶段,面对"专利丛林"和专利标准化技术贸易壁垒,如何制定合理策略对行业发展有着战略意义.基于演化博弈论建模分析和仿真,行业内多个企业之间存在博弈情况下,探究标准化与专利策略对技术创新扩散的影响.研究发现:标准化通过技术性贸易壁垒影响技术创新扩散的潜在市场,潜在市场收益是影响标准化与专利组合策略的关键因素,掌握领先技术专利的新兴技术企业对技术创新扩散起着主导作用,在新兴技术未对传统技术具备压倒性领先优势的情况下,专利费对行业内企业采纳创新技术、实现技术创新扩散起到关键作用.传统技术企业和新兴技术企业收益和决策均受到潜在市场收益、采纳者数量、专利费用等因素综合影响,并处于非线性动态变化过程.研究结论:为推进有利于技术创新扩散的演化稳定策略,新兴技术企业应综合考虑标准化对潜在市场的影响、专利收费对技术采纳者的影响、采纳者之间的技术和市场竞争演变分析.政策应推动扩大新兴技术市场规模,降低新兴技术创新扩散壁垒,补偿新兴技术企业技术创新扩散外部性,防止标准必要专利挟持,推进技术创新扩散.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.