现代普通话“m、n、l、r”阴平字溯源

本文从《辞海》和《现代汉语词典》中选取了收在“ｍ、ｎ、ｌ、ｒ”四声母下的６９个阴平字，逐字进行分析，理清了这些违背所谓“平分阴阳”规律者的各自来源及其违律原因。并透过这些次浊声母下不该存在的而实际却存在的阴平字的分析和归纳，对传统的“平分阴阳”规律──“清平变阴平，浊平变阳平”和“入派三声”规律中的“次浊入声变去声”以及“现代汉语平声字的来源”等提出了不同看法。     

中古以来汉语语音演变的两条规律——兼与车先俊先生商榷

中古以来,汉语语音发生了不少变化。"全浊入声变阳平"与"平送仄不送",就是对其中的部分变化的概括反映。前者说的是从中古到近现代才完成转变的全浊声母入声字清化归为阳平;后者说的是古全浊声母今读塞音、塞擦音,平声字清化后送气,仄声字清化后不送气。     

入声学的识别方法

语音随着时代的变化而变化,中古的平、上、去、入四声,发展到今天却成了阴平、阳平、上声、去声;平声分成了阴平、阳平,入声在现代汉语普通话及大部分北方方言中已经中消失。这个变化给北方人识别古代(上古、中古)入声字造成困难。但语音的变化并不是杂乱无章的,是有规律可寻的,只要仔细分析研究是可以寻出一些规律。下面从语音的     

北方官话方言全浊声母清化和入声消失的次序

全浊清化和入声消失都是一个动态过程,全浊声母擦音先清化,全浊声母中的塞音和塞擦音先以平仄为条件发生送气和不送气的分化,然后再清化。入声消失经历了这样一个过程:入声→p、t、k尾失落→保留喉塞尾→浊入归阳平→次浊入归入舒声、清入独成一类→并入舒声。全浊入声变舒声当在平声依声母的清浊发生送气和不送气分化之后,次浊入声变去声当在阴去、阳去合并之前,清入声的演变是最后进行的,先经历了一个独立调类的阶段,然后归入舒声。     

方言入声字与词、谱法

内蒙汉语方言,主要指大青山前后及黄河流经内蒙西部的广阔平原地带的地方语言。内蒙汉语方言与普通话相比,在语音方面有较明显的差别。就语音中的声调而论,普通话是四声调:阴平声(—)、阳平声(/)、上声((?))和去声(\);而内蒙汉语方言是五声调:阴平声、阳平声、上声、去声和入声((?))。内蒙汉语方言中存在和运用着大量的入声字,而这些入声字,基本上保留了古代汉语的声韵,其中也有不少变异。本文依据现代内蒙汉语方言中入声字的实际声韵,把它们归结为“(?)”和“(?)”两个韵部。现将这两个入声韵部的韵字及其在“爬山调”和“二人台”剧目中的编词谱曲法,分述于后。     

从《国语入声字与徐海入声字变读比较》探求徐州方言入声调归派规律

现代徐州方言的研究可以上推至20世纪30年代前期.本文利用<国语入声字与徐海入声字变读比较>的材料,得出70年前与今徐州方言入声调归派的规律是一致的:清入和次浊入主要归入阴平,全浊入主要归入阳平,比例几乎都占到80%以上.若从四声来看,古入声字在徐州方言中变读为阴平的最多,约占65%;变读为阳平的,占到20%以上;而变读为去声、上声的很少.现代徐州方言中入声字的读音70多年来是稳定不变的.     

清抄本《五音通韵》的调类系统

日藏清初抄本《五音通韵》,韵图与韵书密切配合,韵书是体,韵图为用,互为表里。该书齐开合撮四呼已经定型,平声分为阴平、阳平,全浊上声变读去声,就韵图韵书来看,还保留有入声,但是[-p]、[-t]、[-k]只配阴声韵,与中古时期已不相同。它反映了当时汉语官话的语音面貌,具有一定的语音史、音韵学史价值,是研究现代汉语普通话语音演变历史的重要文献。     

谈律诗的平仄规律

平仄是就汉字的声调说的,声调也叫字调,就是汉字的四声。古代的四声分为平、上、去、入,在现代汉语的普通话里,入声字已消失,四声就分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声。半仄这两个概念,是格律中的术语。“平”就是四声中的平声(阴平、阳平),“仄”就是不平的意思,除去平声都是仄声(上声、去声)。要弄清律诗的平仄规则可以五言律诗着手。例如:     

格律诗平仄小议

被誉为“国诗”的格律诗,又叫今体诗,近体诗,是中华民族优秀传统文化的精华。它以用韵、平仄、对仗为其三大要素。而平仄是格律诗三大要素中最重要的要素,是格律诗的脊梁,是区别于其它诗的主要特征。毛泽东曾说:“律诗要讲平仄,不讲平仄,即非律诗。”也说明了平仄对格律诗之重要。所谓平仄,就是把汉语发音的四声,根据诗词需要分为平仄两类。古汉语共有四个声调:平声、上声、去声、入声。平,就是平声,即现代汉语的阴平和阳平;仄,就是上声、去声和入声,即现代汉语里的上声和去声。由于语言的演变古汉语的入声字已经消失,分别归入了现代汉语的…     

论湘潭方言的入声

湘潭方言单字调和双字组的语音实验研究发现,湘潭方言单字调只有五个音调：阴平33、阳平12、上声42、阴去55、阳去21,入声24在单字调发音时归入阳平12;在二字组中,入声在阴平、阳平和入声后时,由24变为33。入声在单字调中的消失和连读中的变调表明了入声在失掉塞音韵尾后将逐渐并入其他调类乃至消亡。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.