近二十年来教师知识结构研究述评

20世纪80年代以来,西方通过“概念性的和分析性的教师知识研究”与“情境性和实践性的教师知识研究”两种研究路径揭示教师知识的基本结构。我国大陆地区教师知识结构研究的路径是“概念性的和分析性的教师知识结构研究”,这种研究路径有四种研究取向:学科知识 教育学知识取向、功能取向、学科教学取向与实践知识取向。中西方教师知识结构的研究都在寻求教师教育教学实践活动的“知识基础”,但在概念的界定、方法的使用、研究角度等方面存在不同。我国未来教师知识研究需要继承与发展自身的研究优势,借鉴与吸收西方相关的研究成果,运用较为规范的学术研究方法更深入地展开教师知识结构的研究。     

依附理论对我国高等教育的启示简

从依附理论的主要观点及其产生的学理背景、时空背景可以看出,依附理论的基本特点是：基本立场的“西方性”,研究视角的“外部性”;研究取向的“批判性”。无论是在学理层面还是在现实层面上,依附理论对于我国的高等教育研究既存在积极作用,也存在消极影响。     

西方数学教师学科教学知识研究述评

学科教学知识,一直是教师教育研究领域内的热点话题。西方数学教师学科教学知识的研究内容主要集中在数学教师学科教学知识的内涵、构成、特点、发展及其与学科知识、教学实践、教师个人特征的关系等方面。未来的研究将呈现出概念理解的综合取向、研究主题的实践取向、研究方法的多元取向和研究价值的生命取向。     

教育研究何去何从

教育史上曾出现过实证取向的教育研究与解释取向的教育研究,这两种研究取向都不能解决当今教育所面临的问题。教育研究应走向实践,在实践中对正在盛行的教育理论进行批判性的探索,并努力为教育实践者提供更好的理论框架,使其能更理性地从事教育实践。而实现这一使命的最好途径是,教育研究者、教育管理者、教师及所有关心教育实践的人共同实施解放的教育行动研究。     

本科生批判性思维能力及高影响力教育实践的影响——基于某所“双一流”建设高校的实证研究

利用美国教育考试服务中心开发的批判性思维标准化测量工具,面向国内某所“双一流”建设高校本科生开展批判性思维能力追踪调查,并探究各类高影响力教育实践对批判性思维能力的影响。研究发现,中国顶尖高校本科生批判性思维能力优于美国学生的整体水平,但呈现“多高原少高峰”的特征;家庭背景好、理工科和跨学科专业的本科生批判性思维能力显著更强;在各类高影响力教育实践活动中,本科生科研和研究方法类课程能显著促进本科生批判性思维能力提升,且不同类型的实践对不同类型学生的批判性思维能力具有异质性影响,鼓励和支持本科生提高在上述活动中的参与是有效提升批判性思维能力的重要途径。     

教师教育研究的生长点和趋势

教师教育研究是当代中国教育改革研究中的热门话题,也是世界教育改革中的一个重要课题。我国自20世纪80年代以来倡导以“教师教育”的概念替代原来的“师范教育”。然而,以往的教师教育研究却忽略了教师自身的因素:教师信仰理性和实践理性。教师教育研究的趋势可归纳为:理性取向的教师教育研究、实践反思取向的教师教育研究、生态学取向的教师教育研究。     

二十世纪西方教师研究运动发展脉络与启示

西方教师研究源起于二十世纪四、五十年代行动研究策略在美国的应用,二十世纪六、七十年代英国的课程专家斯腾豪斯明确提出"教师即研究者"观点并付诸行动,自此教师研究开始成为一种国际运动,它经历反思性实践而走向批判性实践.教师成为研究者,基于校本实践,合作的形式,反思性教育实践等共同形成了二十世纪西方教师研究运动的特征.基于此,本文认为我国开展教师研究应从教师新形象的培育,理论与实践的相互关照,校本教研文化建设等方面努力.     

本科小学教育专业教育实践课程的重构

教师教育的基本取向正在由强调专业知识的“理智取向”转向关注教师个人知识的“实践一反思取向”和关注教师成长文化背景的“生态取向”。客观地审视本科小学教育专业建设现状,发现教育实践课程仍存在诸多问题,必须重构教育实践课程,对其进行准确的专业定位,科学地确定教育实践课程的课程目标、课程内容,合理地实施与评价。     

论美国人文主义教师教育思想及其实践的三种取向

本文以西方人文主义传统中对“人文主义”内涵的认识为理论基础,建构出美国教师教育实践中人文主义教师教育的三种取向.它们分别是“博雅取向”、“人本主义取向”和“社会重建取向”.文章分别介绍了这三种取向教师教育思想及实践的历史渊源、其背后所持的教师观及具体教师教育主张.     

论实践取向的教师教育课程的反思

我国教师教育课程存在的突出问题是理论与实践割裂。流于形式的“实践取向”教师教育课程不能将实践与理论联系起来。整合的教师教育课程强调教师的理论知识和实践性知识要在互动过程中,通过以主题、问题来组织课程内容,创建“探究式”教学模式、“行动研究”教师培养模式等来实现。     

Blurring the boundaries: connecting research,practice and professional learning

Educational researchers can incorporate benefits for themselves and teacher participants by planning for interactions between research, practice and teachers’ professional learning from the outset of a project. However, the dual role of a researcher as a professional learning partner has rarely been explicated and theorised in studies of teacher–researcher relationships. The study described in this paper occurred in the context of early childhood education. The notion of a critical friend was extended and validated as a useful theorisation of the relationship. Four ways that I acted as a critical friend are described. The expertise, roles, boundaries and hybridity of a co‐constructed approach to research are discussed. The importance of a researcher as critical friend having research and theoretical knowledge to shift teacher knowledge and practice is argued. Implications for teacher–researcher partnerships in terms of strengthening coherence between research, practice and professional learning are suggested.     

What about research and evidence? Teachers’ perceptions and uses of education research to inform STEM teaching

Abstract

The use of research evidence to inform practice has become an expectation of those working in many professions. There is a dearth of research on teacher use of scholarship to inform their practice. While there is an abundance of research that can be used to inform teacher practice, there are unknowns about how much teachers seek, access, read, apply and share evidence from research to inform their teaching. We address this gap in the literature by surveying inservice teachers about their perceptions and practices for using education research. In our analysis of the data collected from 452 teachers, we found teachers are interested in research and perceive value in research to inform their work. However, we also found that teachers struggle to identify sources of quality research and how to translate research to inform their teaching. Our findings have implications for school administrators seeking to promote teacher engagement in evidence-based practice and educational researchers hoping to have their research translated into K-12 teacher practice.     

The recursive practice of research and teaching: reframing teacher education

As a field, Teacher Education has lived with continued criticism from governmental and research bodies on the quality of professional preparation and the lack of a strong research base. We respond to such criticisms by considering possibilities for further exploration of the research of practice and the practice of research in both initial and continuing teacher education. As both a theoretical and methodological challenge, this is tied recursively with research and practice in teacher education, for teacher educators, about teacher education. We draw on the theoretical resources of practice theories, to argue that teacher education practice must be informed by the study of the practice of teaching as well as research addressing the teaching of practice. In conclusion, we make a methodological case for reframing the roles of teacher and researcher within a “thirdspace” to consider the practice of researching teaching as recursive and always regenerative.     

The contribution of educational research to teachers’ professional learning: philosophical understandings

In this paper, we argue from principle that teacher education must enable a positive relationship between educational research and teaching knowledge and practice. We discuss two popular conceptions of good teaching, which conceive of the teacher as craft worker and as executive technician, and suggest that, while each of these aspects of knowing reflects something of the qualities that good teachers need, any one on its own is insufficient. In contrast to such mono-dimensional conceptions, a research-based textured notion of professional judgement encompasses a complementary and mutually enriching relationship between different aspects of professional knowledge and practice. We identify three interconnected and complementary aspects of teachers’ professional knowledge: situated understanding; technical knowledge; and critical reflection. Accordingly, teaching as professional endeavour demands of teachers practical know-how, conceptual understandings of education, teaching and learning, and the ability to interpret and form critical judgements on existing knowledge and its relevance to their particular situation. We conclude that in principle research can both enrich and be enriched by teachers’ professional knowledge and practice but that to build this relationship in a holistic way into teacher education programmes and partnership models presents considerable practical challenges.     

Facilitating action research in the context of science education: reflections of a university researcher

In this qualitative case study, the author engages in critical selfreflection about her role as a researcher/facilitator of an action research group that explored multiple intelligences (MI) theory (Gardner, 1983) in the context of science education. Her multi-faceted role within the action research group and the nature of the research in terms of the orientation, purpose, and type of reflection are described. Through the process of reflective practice, both as the study was ongoing and after the completion, the author enhanced her understanding of the action research process and how to foster collaborative inquiry within the context of an action research group. In addition, the article reports on how MI theory was applied to classroom practice, the nature of collaboration that emerged and the perceptions of the teacher participants about the efficacy of action research as a form of teacher development.     

反思实践取向的教学理念——舍恩教学思想探析

文章在探讨反思性教学的重要倡导人之一——舍恩的教学思想的基础上，展示了他对近代以来科学理性取向的教师教育思想的分析批判，着重讨论了“行动中反思”和“对行动的反思”以及它们对教学和教师教育的重要意义。     

“教学田野”:教师的自我成长之域——论教师培训的教学实践走向

我国现行中小学教师培训主要是一种外控的理论型教师培训,这是由教师培训与教学实践之间的文化隔离造成的。消除隔离,走向教学实践的田野是造就反思型、研究型、创新型教师的一种重要抉择之路。走向教学实践的教师培训有丰富的内涵,主要体现在基于教学实践、在教学实践中与为了教学实践三个方面,具有实践性、反思性、主体性与开放性。走向教学实践的教师培训的基本策略或思路是案例教学与教育行动研究相结合。     

我国幼儿园教师教育研究学术史:70年回顾与展望

我国幼儿园教师专业发展观经历了理智取向、实践取向和精神取向的三次转变,由此带来了幼儿园教师职前教育课程从关注知能到关注实践再到关注精神的变革。随着幼儿园教师教育的深化发展,研究术语从“教师培训”改为“教师专业发展”,进而被“教师学习”所替代。这一转变凸显了幼儿园教师是自主的终身学习者,体现了幼儿园教师培训观从外铄论转向内发论,自主取向的幼儿园教师发展观得到了普遍认同。同时,这一转变还催生了个人和集体的教师文化之间的相互调适,营造合作共生、带有学习共同体特征的幼儿园教师文化生态成为共识。在方法论层面,哲学思辨范式、科学实证范式、人文诠释范式、社会批判范式等研究范式呈现出齐头并进、互取所长的横向格局,但在当前大数据和人工智能的时代背景下,同时也存在着过度推崇“基于证据”的实证研究的倾向。研究范式的多元化是幼儿园教师教育研究发展的内在要求,基于“复杂性思想”,从多元整合的视角开展研究应是未来幼儿园教师教育研究发展的重要趋势。     

The Dialectic Relationship between Research and Practice in Mathematics Teacher Education

This paper addresses issues linking research in student teacher learning with reflection on practice in mathematics teacher education. From a situated perspective on learning and practice, we explore our own practice as teacher educators while researching student teacher learning in our classrooms. We describe a study on student teacher learning, considering student teacher learning as a “process of becoming”, and how the results of this research have affected our development as mathematics teacher educators and members of a community of inquiry. Our work shows how in the mathematics teacher education context the relationship between theory and practice becomes an element of both teacher educator and researcher development.     

实践研究的理论阐释遭遇复杂实践后的问题反思

尽管实践研究的特殊性为教师从事研究提供合理辩护,但无论是侧重它与理论研究的差异比较,还是偏向两者共同之处的科学化诉求,都可能影响实践研究的有序发展,从而反映出理论阐释的两难境地。尽管教师即研究者的观点突显了教师职业的专业性,指明了教师专业发展的方向,但潜藏的技术理性观和身份认同问题使教师身处解决实践问题还是迎合他人理论或服从集体规范还是遵循自我角色认知的两难选择。尽管学校作为研究场域的存在支持着科研兴校和教师即研究者的判断,但自治性主体的假设只是排除多重矛盾后对学校自主发展的孤立分析,科研机构的假设也是忽视学校专门教育机构属性和教师实践教育者的身份后,对学校科研环境的简单预期。