大学知识经济学思考

大学作为知识经济的重要生产部门,为社会提供新知识、人才和知识经济示范,大学的生产力要素包括教师、资本、装备、信息、时间、空间和社会关系.大学通过科技成果与学科建设向生产力的正向转化路径和科技成果市场化对大学学科建设的反向孵化路径实现生产力转化,并形成科学、技术和文化三大生产力.这个过程中资本运动发挥重要的作用.     

知识生产方式转型及对大学与产业联系的影响

德国洪堡第一次学术革命,确立了"科研"(即知识生产)作为大学重要使命的地位.在当代知识社会,大学知识生产在国家创新系统的重要性日渐突出,同时由于信息网络、经济全球化的深入发展,大学知识生产方式发生了深刻变革,进而影响到大学与产业之间的联系.在新知识生产方式语境中,大学应在使命互尊的基础上积极发展与产业长期的战略伙伴关系,以促进知识转移,为产业创新和经济发展服务.     

Recapturing the Universal in the University

The idea of ‘the university’ has stood for universal themes—of knowing, of truthfulness, of learning, of human development, and of critical reason. Through its affirming and sustaining of such themes, the university came itself to stand for universality in at least two senses: the university was neither partial (in its truth criteria) nor local in its significance (at least, the university was an institution of the nation state and even had global significance). Now, this universalism has been shot down: on the one hand, universal themes have been impugned as passé in a postmodern age; in the ‘knowledge society’, knowledge with a capital ‘K’ is giving way to multiple and even local knowledges (plural). On the other hand, the very process of globalization has been accused of being a new process of colonization. Global universities, accordingly, may be seen as a vehicle for the imposition of Western modes of reason (often suspected in turn of being no more than Western economic reason at that). Diversity is the new watchword, a term that—we may note—has come to be part of the framing of the contemporary policy agenda for higher education.

Accordingly, in such a situation of multiple meanings, both within and across institutions, the university becomes an institutional means for developing the capacities—at both the personal and the societal levels—to live with ‘strangeness’: perhaps here lies a new universal for the university? But, then, if that is the case, if strangeness is the new universal for the university, some large challenges await those who would claim to lead and manage universities.     

国际化与大学的组织变化:澳大利亚的视角

以国际教育市场拓展为主轴的国际化是当代澳大利亚大学组织经营的核心议题。在国际化循环观视野下,20世纪90年代以来澳大利亚大学的组织变化存在以下趋同点:国际化使命与战略规划的提出、国际化权力结构的均衡化、国际化活动实施的规范导引、国际化活动检视架构的确立、国际化辅助要件的建设与整合国际化的组织文化的形成。这些组织变化具有内在的一致性,反映了澳大利亚大学的国际化创业主义与全面国际化的发展方向。     

超越象牙塔:现代大学的社会责任

早期的西方大学曾经具有与社会保持一定距离 ,以维护其学术研究和教学自由的历史传统。随着社会的发展 ,大学逐步走出了“象牙塔”,与社会的联系越来越密切 ,同时也使大学面临一种艰难的选择———如何既适应社会又崇尚学术 ,怎样才能在为经济和社会发展需要服务的同时保持大学应有的独立品格和价值追求。人类社会已经进入了全球化时代 ,时代强烈呼唤大学不仅要走出“象牙塔” ,还要超越“象牙塔” ,全面承担起时代赋予大学的教育责任、学术责任、既要服务又要引导社会前进的责任以及国际责任     

Universities,civil society and the global agenda of community-engaged research

This article explores a key point of tension in contemporary discussions of community-university research engagement. Two perspectives are discussed. The first suggests that changes in the nature and structure of research have helped create democratic research spaces and opportunities within the university for communities. In this emerging (global) knowledge democracy movement, community-based researchers are increasingly seeking to connect lessons learned in local settings to the global context. The second perspective situates such developments in the context of the knowledge economy of higher education and suggests that community engagement is also developing in a manner that supports the advance of knowledge capitalism. The decisive tension is that universities around the world are being encouraged by governments to assume greater responsibility for economic development and to translate knowledge into products and services for the market – whilst at the same time being tasked to work with communities in alleviating the social and economic excesses of the market.     

首都重点院校本科生地学知识普及现状及主要影响因素

地球科学是社会发展、人类生活所必需的基础科学。随着我国经济发展、社会进步、人民生活水平的提高,对资源、环境的关注日益提高,地球科学已成为社会发展、构筑新型社会的必需。中国公民对地学知识的了解、认知程度已成为影响社会发展的一个重要因素。本文选择首都地区部分重点院校本科生为调查对象,采用随机抽样方法,通过问卷分析、统计,得出以下基本认识:(1)非地学类院校学生的地学知识较地学类院校明显缺乏;(2)在非地学类院校中,大学教育几乎没有起到提升学生地学知识的作用;(3)绝大部分学生都希望开设地学类课程,其中大部分希望开设地学类选修课,这一点在非地学类院校中表现得更为突出等。     

美国营利性大学发展的动因、困境及启示

20世纪70年代以来,美国营利性大学顺应社会发展趋势,以市场需求为导向,抓住时机进入资本市场;关注弱势群体,获得政府政策支持,实现快速发展。然而,2010年以来,美国营利性大学在经历了约40年的发展后陷入了教学质量降低、新生数量减少、大学理念与公司理念矛盾逐渐凸显以及在资本市场上的表现不佳等困境。目前,我国已有一些民办高校选择登记为营利性高校,开启了我国营利性民办高校的办学之路。文章通过梳理美国营利性大学发展的动因,分析其面临的困境,为我国营利性高校的发展提供以下启示:顺应时代潮流,为营利性大学发展营造良好社会环境;发挥体制机制优势,处理好政府、市场和营利性高校的关系;以转型为契机,探索营利性大学内涵式发展道路;加强政府监管和第三方评估,实现资本逐利性与教育公益性的平衡;积极发挥资本市场的作用,同时注重风险防范。     

The morning after the millennium: building the long-haul learning university

Lifelong learning remains a powerful and valid concept important for the evolution of higher education and the university in the changing context of globalization, 30 years after its first popularization around 1970. Like the related concept of the learning society, it suffers trivializing fashion and reductionism. As we move into a phase of universal tertiary education, it is all the more necessary to understand how to enable universities to become learning organizations playing a distinct role in a fast-changing world. Enterprise is an essential associated characteristic, rather than a betrayal of the essentially academic. Universities need to function as open systems, building partnerships and sharing networks in and beyond their localities, and playing leading roles in the creation of learning regions and in new modes of knowledge protection. A grasp of these issues points the way for universities to survive as valued and unique social institutions adapted to and playing an active part in the making of knowledge societies.     

“世界一流”大学成功的实践和需要关注的问题

本文从科学研究与成果转化、区域经济的联系,大学科技园的建设等方面反思了建设"世界一流"大学的发展战略、成就和经验,并由此提出需要关注的问题:大学的科研应当把注意力放在基础研究而不是技术改造上;不能过分强调自然科学的重要性而忽视社会科学和人文学科在知识创新中的作用,不能过分强调科学研究和知识生产而忽视教学工作;对世界一流大学的投入不是简单的解决几所"世界一流"大学建设的经费问题,而是国家发展的战略问题.     

欧洲博士后研究人员的职业规划与培训

欧洲社会对知识教育高度重视,持续对人才培养进行投资,以推动社会创新进步和可持续发展。作为人才培养基地,研究型大学不仅为欧洲社会输送了大量人才,更在全球知识交流体系中发挥了重要作用。一些博士后研究人员可能继续在大学里从事学术工作,也有很多研究人员离开学术界去公共、私营部门等其他领域寻求发展。尽管学术界以外的劳动力市场就业良好,但博士后研究人员仍期待更具吸引力的职业前景。欧洲研究型大学联盟由此提出,建议大学、研究机构等最高教育层完善政策措施,提高博士后研究人员的职业吸引力,以促进学术创新和知识交流;充分肯定博士后研究人员作为不断增长且日益重要的独特研究群体的重要作用;在招聘、晋升等职业发展中满足博士后研究人员多样性的需求;公共、私营部门可与大学、研究机构展开合作,促进博士后研究人员的技能迁移,并消除职业流动的障碍;采取研究资助计划和就业支持政策,帮助博士后研究人员获取研究能力之外的职业技能,促进博士后研究人员在学术界与公共、私营部门之间的流动性。     

Virtual Universities: Current Models and Future Trends

The first section of this article examines the current models of "virtual universities" that provide various forms of distance education. Distance teaching at university level is offered, nowadays, through at least five major organizational models: single-mode distance teaching universities, dual- and mixed-mode universities, extension services, consortia-type ventures, and new technology-based universities. The article analyzes the merits of the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the context of each of these five models, as well as the problems associated with their implementation. The second section discusses future trends in the development of distance education in higher education systems and touches upon five domains: potential student constituencies, new roles for the academic faculty, new forms of knowledge generation and delivery, the restructuring of the organizational infrastructures of universities, and the impact of globalization on higher education markets. The conclusion highlights some of the major difficulties in the processes of implementing the new ICTs into various higher education systems and offers a few suggestions as to how to proceed in tackling major problems.     

Gift,commodity and mutual benefit: analysing the transfer of university knowledge between Thailand and Australia

For the last 50 years, Australia has been assisting Thailand with the development of its universities. This has involved the transfer of Australian university knowledge to Thailand and the reproduction of that knowledge in the Thai university system. Initially, this knowledge was transferred in gift-style transactions. In the last decade, both countries have been influenced by the impact of globalization and this influence has provided the impetus for change in the processes of knowledge transfer. University knowledge is now viewed increasingly as a commodity in Australia. Thailand is experiencing a period of economic growth and its needs have also changed. There is evidence that the commodification of university knowledge is not as lucrative as was first envisaged and now there are attempts by both Thai and Australian policy makers to find a framework for the transfer of university knowledge that is of mutual benefit to both.     

后现代知识观与大学理想重构

知识社会或后现代社会展示在我们面前的是一个与以往有着本质区别的社会图景 ,从而对大学的生存与发展提出了新的要求和挑战。目前人们对大学的认识仍停留在现代知识观的水平上 ,因此必须对现代知识观和现代大学观进行反思 ,并依据后现代知识观来重构未来大学理想和发展蓝图。     

知识生产视域下大学服务社会模式变迁

服务是大学历史发展的主题,现代大学最显著的特征就是服务社会,这也是大学的未来发展方向。大学作为智力资本的源泉,服务社会主要通过知识生产方式,知识生产是大学服务社会的逻辑起点。古代社会、工业社会、信息社会,知识生产呈现出整体性发展、学科发展、跨学科和问题解决为中心等特征。大学服务社会的模式随着知识生产变化而变迁,古代社会通过传授知识服务贵族和神,工业社会通过科学研究服务世俗社会,信息社会大学与产业界关系日益密切,展现出合作服务新模式。     

The impact of social capital on student wellbeing and university life satisfaction: a semester-long repeated measures study

ABSTRACT

University participation has increased in many countries in recent years in response to the requirement for a strong knowledge economy. While this has provided additional access opportunities, not all students enter university with the same transferrable social capital. To counter this, educational institutions could play a strategic role in the development of networks and connections that provide students with valuable information, support and a sense of belonging. This research project explored the development of social capital, and its impact upon university life satisfaction and wellbeing, within an Australian university course undertaken by all first-year students regardless of programme or discipline. A survey of students was conducted three times over one semester. The results suggested that peer-level social capital indicators of trust, social support and relatedness changed over the semester, while other social capital indicators begin high and remain stable. Bridging social capital and peer social support predicted university life satisfaction. The relationship between social capital and wellbeing was found to be more complex. In a competitive, global tertiary environment, institutions could maximise the satisfaction and success of increasingly diverse student cohorts through strategies that facilitate social capital development.     

大学社会责任的现状、挑战与反思

基于对8个国家48所大学的使命分析,现代大学社会责任的主要内容可概括为保证高等教育的公平、质量、适切性,探索知识并将知识应用于社会,促进人类社会进步与可持续发展。现代大学对社会责任的承担带来影响深远的社会价值,也不断面临各种制衡和挑战,需要大学清醒地认识自身在社会中的角色和职能,真正以自己的使命感和追求卓越的意识履行大学社会责任。     

论学术资本主义的生成逻辑与价值冲突

学术资本主义是一种市场导向的知识生产与转化方式,是一种基于专业化理念的大学组织与管理模式,是一个影响大学及其成员身份定位的文化系统。政治上的新自由主义浪潮,经济上的资源依附压力,社会文化中的绩效至上、自由竞争理念,大学自身在全球化时代的组织转型等因素共同促成了学术资本主义的生成。学术资本主义隐含有一系列价值冲突,表现在大学自身的属性定位、学术科研导向及大学治理变革上。     

自我负责的课程文化与社会创新

社会创新是当前全球化背景下各国社会变迁和发展的主要动力,其运作机制包括自上而下的国家政府路径和自下而上的市民社会路径.这两种路径的良性运作都需要社会资本的增长和普遍信任的形成.自我负责的文化是普遍信任形成和社会资本总量增长的基础.针对我国传统课程文化中的问题和新课程实施过程中的遇到的困难,在教育的核心构件课程中贯彻自我负责的课程文化,将有助于普遍信任的形成和社会资本总量的增长,从而促进社会创新和发展.     

大众化背景下大学使命的重新审视

我国高等教育大众化过程需要解决四方面的问题:理解高等教育规模扩张的本原,加强人文素质教育,平衡优秀与平等的关系,协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有这些都要以明析高等教育的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题为前提。在任何社会形态里,没有只有一种类型的大学、大学只有惟一使命的情况。现代大学的根本使命依然是把传统的智慧和时代的思想传递给未来的一代,而领导人训练、创造新知识、高层次专业训练、特定社会高雅文化的培养、社会既定道德的传承以及社会的改造等都应该只是成为大学的“附加功能”。一定要使学生和公众理解大学不是提供获利的计谋和就业单位的场所,而现代大学最终和最基本的使命应该是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量,培养他们坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的发展所需要的能力。