关于少儿图书馆与全纳教育的思考

全纳教育（Inclusive education），国际上兴起于20世纪90年代。1990年由联合国教科文等国际组织在泰国宗迪恩召开的“世界全民教育大会”，发表了《世界全民教育宣言》。1994年由联合国教科文组织在西班牙萨拉曼卡召开的“世界特殊需要教育大会”，发表了著名的《萨拉曼卡宣言》，首次提出了全纳教育，强调每个人都有受教育的基本权利；每个人都有其独特的特性、兴趣、能力和学习需要：学校要容纳全体儿童并满足他们的特殊教育需要。至世纪之交，国际教育界已形成了探究全纳教育的热潮。“全纳教育”一词亦成为最流行的教育词汇。进入21世纪后，国际教育界也将全纳教育的课题带入了21世纪。     

重读《萨拉曼卡宣言》——解析全纳教育的理念：教育机会均等

1994年6月7日至10日，联合国教科组织在西班牙王国萨拉曼卡市召开了“世界特殊教育大会”，颁布了《萨拉曼卡宣言》，明确提出了“全纳教育（Inclusive E-ducation)”的思想，所谓“全纳教育”，是 教育应当满足所有儿童的需要，每一所普通党校必须接收服务区域内的所有儿童入学，并为这些儿童都能受到自身所需要的教育提供条件。     

全纳教育走向世界

自1994年的《萨拉曼卡宣言》提出全纳教育的理念后,世界各国纷纷投入到全纳教育的实践中。全纳教育倡导五大原则:每个人都有受教育的基本权利;每个人都有其独特的个性、兴趣、能力和学习需要;教育必须考虑到这些特性和广泛的差异;学校要善待有接受特殊教育需要的儿童;学校要接纳所有儿童,反对歧视。全纳教育的实践在世界各国的发展各具特色,但又不平衡。以英、美等为代表的发达国家在政策制定、教育实践上已经走在世界前列,而在一些发展中国家,全纳教育实践的推进还相对比较缓慢。澳大利亚:基于特殊教育的发展澳大利亚的全纳教育大致可分为…     

《共产党宣言》的马克思主义政党观及当代启示

《共产党宣言》作为马克思主义党建学说的标志性著作,它系统分析了无产阶级政党的基本性质及建设,科学阐述了无产阶级政党的斗争目的及发展策略。党的十九届四中全会提出"坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化"战略目标,重温《宣言》关于马克思主义政党观的创设性论述,对于全面从严治党,深入推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化具有重要理论价值。     

全纳教育视野里的随班就读支持保障体系

全纳教育的基本精神是“人人受教育”。强调“每一个儿童都有受教育的基本权利”，“每一个儿童都有独一无二的个人特点、兴趣、能力和学习需要”，要求“教育体系的设计和教育方案的实施应充分考虑到这些特点与需要的广泛差异”。“有特殊教育需要必须有机会进入普通学校学习，这些学校应该将他们吸收在能满足其需要的、以儿童为中心的教育活动中”。（引自1994年《萨拉曼卡宣言》）     

人类学视域下的《共产党宣言》

<共产党宣言>是马克思主义中一部重要的著作,它在引导世界无产阶级革命运动中产生了巨大的作用.马克思主义人类学是西方人类学历史中重要的一部分,笔者在此文中用人类学当中一些关键词对<共产党宣言>(下文以<宣言>简称<共产党宣言>)进行一些人类学的思考.     

《共产党宣言》关于共同富裕的论述及其当代启示

《共产党宣言》是标志马克思主义诞生的光辉著作,为全世界无产阶级革命实践提供了科学理论武器。马克思恩格斯在这一经典著作中初步揭示了未来共产主义社会共同富裕的发展规律,坚持唯物辩证思维、阶级分析方法和人民立场观点,科学论述了资产阶级富裕观的历史作用,揭露了资产阶级富裕观的阶级局限性和狭隘性。同时,阐明未来社会的共同富裕是以消灭私有制为制度根基,通过生产力的高度发展、自由自觉的劳动活动,最终实现每个人自由全面发展的理想生活。在中国共产党向第二个百年奋斗目标不断迈进的关键时期,深入阐释《共产党宣言》中关于共同富裕的论述的价值,对于我国分阶段推进全体人民共同富裕具有重要的启示意义。     

与时俱进学《宣言》——兼评不同版本高中历史教科书中《共产党宣言》的内容

高中历史新课程实施后,一个很大的变化是“一标多本”。有专家评论说：“与上一轮教材相比,新历史教科书和其他教材建设发生了许多有积极意义的变化。……教科书的外在面貌焕然一新……形成教材的多样化、系列化与立体化局面。”教科书的多样化是素质教育发展的趋势,但同时也出现了不同版本的教科书内容差别较大的问题。中学历史课程的特点之一是认知目标明确,即必须体现历史教育的目的。     

On the necessary co-existence of special and inclusive education

ABSTRACT

While many distinctions between ‘special’ and ‘inclusive’ education have been made and continue to be forcefully debated, the two concepts remain strongly evident in policy and practice in many countries. This paper discusses the interrelated history of these concepts. It explores how conceptualisations of them have changed since Salamanca and reflects on whether inclusive education has, can or should replace special education. It considers the extent to which ‘special’ and ‘inclusive’ education are understood as the same or different today. The paper argues for a clear a distinction to be made between how special educators can work in support of inclusive education and the task of inclusive education which addresses the barriers to participation faced by members of marginalised groups.     

An amalgam of ideals – images of inclusion in the Salamanca Statement

ABSTRACT

The Salamanca Statement is a primary point of departure in research and policy on inclusive education. However, several problems have surfaced in the 25 years since its publication. In particular, several different interpretations of the concept of inclusive education and its enactment in practice have arisen. For instance, the definition of the pupil groups in focus varies greatly. There are also varying definitions of the importance of pupil-placement, when it comes to organisation of inclusive education. Using a theoretical framework combining Bacchi’s [1999. Women, Policy and Politics. The Construction of Policy Problems. London: Sage Publications] poststructural policy-analysis and concepts from Popkewitz [2009. “Curriculum Study, Curriculum History, and Curriculum Theory: The Reason of Reason.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 41 (3): 301–319. doi:10.1080/00220270902777021], this article illustrates that The Salamanca Statement allows for a variety of interpretations of inclusion. As a policy-concept, inclusion encompasses an amalgam of political ideals, including welfare-state ideals where education is viewed as a public-good, as well as market-ideals of education as a private-good. Policies of inclusion also define the desired citizen, through categories of disadvantaged children, the ones excluded but to be included for their own good as well as for the good of the future society. The conclusions are that researchers and policy-makers should elucidate what they mean by inclusion with for instance moral- and practical arguments rather than vague references to The Salamanca Statement.     

Salamanca Statement and IDEA 2004: possibilities of practice for inclusive education

This article offers a comparative analysis of the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, within a critically discursive framework. The author creates the notion of possibilities of practice, and analyses each policy document as to how these are created, by means of interdiscursive, intertextual and recontextual analyses. In turn, the author demonstrates how each policy differs in the textual dimensions that represent themes of social representation/construction, such as: how pupils are constructed; how schooling is constructed; how inclusion/exclusion is constructed; how teacher preparation is constructed; and how resource allocation is constructed (or constricted). Finally, the author discusses the policy that best allows for possibilities of practice that promote the inclusion of ALL children.     

Motivations for entering and pathways of progression of disabled students in further education

Issues concerning the relevance of the human and social capital theories in further education and particularly in the inclusion of disabled people are highlighted. Data are drawn from an ongoing ethnographic study into the experiences of disabled students in two further education colleges. Extracts from 12 focus group discussions with 70 students as well as fieldnotes from observation of courses and other college activities are used to map out the pathways by which the participants entered and progressed through the college and the courses they undertook. Also explored is the significance of the college experience in the student's lives and the extent it has succeeded in enhancing their degree of social inclusion.     

The CEC Professional Standards: a Foucauldian genealogy of the re/construction of special education

If teachers are to play a positive educative role in addressing societal gender-related issues that impact on social justice and inclusiveness, teacher education institutions have to ensure that their graduating teachers are well equipped with the necessary understandings and skills to enact this role. This research draws on interviews with men primary school teachers in New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. It investigates their remembered experiences during teacher education relating to gender discourse and whether the education they received, if any, has influenced their classroom practices. Across the three countries, the men had varying levels of recall, ranging from comprehensive gender-related education to none whatsoever. In Sweden, a governmental emphasis on gender equality in society appeared to have influenced the teachers' attitudes and practices regardless of the amount of teacher education relating to gender that they remembered. The teachers' comments suggest that those of us engaged in teacher education need to address any apparent gaps in gender studies at pre-service level. Both men and women teacher education students require comprehensive gender studies if they are to recognise and realise their potential to deconstruct traditional stereotypes and contribute to social justice and inclusiveness.     

英国特殊教育需求支持服务体系改革与启示

英国教育部于2011年3月9日向全国发布绿皮书,将对特殊教育支持服务体系进行30年来的最大改革。改革明确提出了三个目标:提高儿童青少年的生活品质;授予家长直接控制权,增强家长信心;将支持服务体系相关权力移交给一线专业人士和当地社区。借鉴英国特殊教育改革,我国应该积极探索特殊教育改革与发展的道路。     

美国学前阶段特殊教育全纳安置模式述评

美国是实施全纳性学前教育最早的国家之一,以1986年颁布《全体残疾儿童教育法修正案》为标志性起点。美国教育部向国会递交并公开发表的有关特殊教育法实施情况的十多个年度报告从实践层面展示了为全面落实全纳政策,为学前阶段(3-5岁)残疾幼儿提供的8种全纳教育安置模式。这些模式能够为我国学前阶段全纳教育的理论和实践提供参考和借鉴。     

The evolution of special education in Malaysia

This article traces the evolution of special education in Malaysia across four chronological stages: before and during the early colonial period (before 1900), pre‐independence (1900–1957), post‐independence (1957–1990) and modern Malaysia (1990 to the present), through document analysis. By placing current issues and trends within a historical perspective, we can provide a context for understanding current practices in relation to shifts in policy paradigms. The effects of policy changes throughout the years are discussed in the context of issues facing special education today. Identifiable areas of improvements are organised into eight themes: (1) provision of education for students with special needs and the degree to which they are inclusive; (2) encouragement of diversity within highly structured education systems; (3) the importance of funding; (4) restructuring pre‐service teacher preparation; (5) multidisciplinary support and collaboration; (6) programme outcomes; (7) provision of related services; and (8) epidemiological data.     

Excellence for all children false promises! The failure of current policy for inclusive education and implications for schooling in the 21st century

This paper argues that the claims of current UK education policy, for children with special educational needs (SEN) toprovide excellence and equality of opportunity, are false. Critically examined are issues of social justice and equity in relation to the work of disability theorists and this critique is then applied to recent policy in education, in particular the Green Paper Excellence for All Children; Meeting Special Educational Needs, to demonstrate that as long as the organization of schooling, the curriculum, and assessment and testing procedures remain unchallenged, equal educational opportunity will remain amyth. In conclusion, having shown that the central energy in educational change seems to be devoted to perpetuating the status quo, thus reinforcing inequality and discrimination and precluding excellence for all children, this paper attempts toset anew agendafor the 21st century that might possibly offer agenuine entitlement for all children to an equal educational opportunity. Although the paper is centrally concerned with a critique of policy in the UK, it is believed that the implications have international relevance as they are fundamental issues relating to human rights and equity.     

融合教育背景下特殊教育学校职能的转变

在融合教育背景下,特殊教育学校的职能必将做出相应的转变,特殊教育学校作为资源中心的功能将日益强烈.特殊教育学校必须重新定位,成为融合教育的支持者;特殊教育学校的功能从单一教育功能转变为多重服务功能,即为特殊儿童提供评估服务,承担起“资源教室”功能,成为融合教育学校教师及家长的“培训中心”,发挥“巡回指导”的作用;特殊教育学校教师角色也随之发生转变,由单一教育者角色转变为兼具“教育者”、“合作者”、“协调者”和“督导者”的多重角色.