关于被动写作与写作模式的一点看法

指出人们在写作活动和写作学习中所涉及的写作行为往往是被动性的居多,针对被动写作在很多情况下需要写作模式,论述写作模式是客观存在的,它不但有利于写作的教和学,而且不会抹杀写作活动的创造性本质。     

Historical view of the influences of measurement and writing theories on the practice of writing assessment in the United States

The purpose of this study is to examine the interactions among measurement theories, writing theories, and writing assessments in the United States from an historical perspective. The assessment of writing provides a useful framework for examining how theories influence, and in some cases fail to influence actual practice. Two research traditions are described to classify measurement theories (test-score and scaling), and three research traditions are proposed for classifying writing theories (form, idea and content, and sociocultural context). The results of this study trace the impact of measurement and writing traditions on writing assessment practices within selected time periods during the 20th century in the United States. One of the major findings of this historical analysis is that measurement theory has had a strong influence on writing assessments, while writing theory has had minimal influence on writing assessments. We also found support for the idea that a new discipline of writing assessment has emerged. This new discipline combines multiple fields including the writing, composition, and measurement communities of scholars, and it has the potential to set the stage for the future of writing assessment in the 21st century.     

阅读与写作能力的互动原理及教学策略

阅读奠定写作的基础,写作提高阅读能力和阅读教学水平,这是阅读与写作的互动原理。要促成阅读与写作能力的共同提高增加教学效率,就一定要运用它们之间的互补机制促成的互动。而阅读与写作互动原理的实施,要求教师除了具备阅读和写作能力之外,还必须具备语文课程内容的整体观念。     

Collaborative writing practices and writing support technologies

This article explores some relationships between collaborative writing practices and writing support technologies. It attempts to illustrate the range of ways in which technologies are used. It examines the relationships of particular technologies and practices with how the writers view the process in which they are engaged. The implications of the findings for thinking about the role of computers in supporting writing, and facilitating collaborative writing in particular, are discussed.     

广义的技术概念与典型的写作技术

对技术概念的广义理解是确认写作技术存在的前提。在广义的技术概念下，写作技术应被视为为完成特定的目标而采取的方法、手段和规则的集合，这也是写作活动本身的功用趋向、角色承担和写作研究思维方式转换的必然要求写作技术可以从纵向和横向两方面归纳与整合。纵向写作技术对各类写作活动具有普适性，横向写作技术在不同文体写作中有不同的侧重。应用写作中蕴含着典型的写作技术，这是我们系统研究写作技术理论时应先期选择的突破口。     

Writing Development Over Time: Examining Preservice Teachers' Attitudes and Beliefs About Writing

Since writing ability has been found to be a key indicator of school success and successful participation in the workplace, it is important for preservice teachers to receive effective preparation in the area of writing. Reflecting on personal writing experiences allows preservice teachers to examine their own attitudes and beliefs about writing and the effects their attitudes and beliefs may have on their pedagogical decisions in the future. This article describes the findings from two focus groups conducted with preschool and elementary preservice teachers during which participants examined their attitudes towards writing that have developed over time and their plans for future writing instruction. The following three broad themes emerged related to key influences in the development of positive and negative attitudes towards writing: (a) having writing published or showcased increases positive attitudes towards writing, (b) creative opportunities and process-oriented teaching strategies provide the most meaningful writing experiences, and (c) negative feedback from teachers adversely impacts self-confidence in writing skills and leads to negative attitudes towards writing. Three themes related to views of writing instruction and pedagogical decisions for the future also emerged from the focus groups. These were: (a) embedding writing opportunities throughout the day helps provide quality writing instruction, (b) preservice teachers who struggle with writing mechanics are hesitant about teaching these skills to their future students, and (c) preservice teachers do not agree on one specific methodology for teaching writing or the amount of time that they will teach writing in the future.     

Evidence of alphabetic knowledge in writing: connections to letter and word identification skills in preschool and kindergarten

The writing skills of 286 children (157 female and 129 male) were studied by comparing name writing and letter writing scores from preschool to kindergarten with letter and word reading scores over the same time period. Two rubrics for scoring writing were compared to determine if scores based on multiple components (i.e., letter formation, orientation on the vertical axis, left–right orientation, and correct letter sequencing) would better reflect differences in children’s writing knowledge in preschool and kindergarten than rubrics composed of one component (i.e., letter formation only). While developmental changes in writing scores were found, little additional information was provided by multiple component scoring rubrics compared to the single component rubric. Letter writing scores were more strongly related to letter and word reading scores than name writing scores but neither writing score was predictive of growth. Implications of the findings for intentional/systematic writing instruction in preschool curricula are discussed.     

Common core writing and language standards and aligned state assessments: a national survey of teacher beliefs and attitudes

A random sample of 482 teachers in grades 3 through 8 from across the United States were surveyed about (a) their perceptions of the version of the Common Core writing and language standards adopted by their state and their state’s writing assessment, (b) their preparation to teach writing, and (c) their self-efficacy beliefs for teaching writing. Regardless of grade, a majority of teachers believed that the adopted standards are more rigorous than prior standards, provide clear expectations for students that can be straightforwardly translated into activities and lessons, and have pushed them to address writing more often. However, many surveyed felt the new writing and language standards are too numerous to cover, omit key aspects of writing development, and may be inappropriate for struggling writers. Moreover, most did not feel that professional development efforts have been sufficient to achieve successful implementation, and nearly one in five respondents was not familiar with the standards. The respondents were generally less sanguine regarding their state’s writing test, with elementary teachers even less positive than middle school teachers on some aspects, though nearly a third were unfamiliar with their state test. A majority believed state writing tests, though more rigorous than prior tests, fail to address important aspects of writing development, do not accommodate the needs of students with diverse abilities, and require more time than is available to prepare students. Additionally, many teachers believed professional development efforts have been insufficient to help them understand measurement properties of the assessments and how to use test data to identify students’ writing needs. Teachers who were better prepared to teach writing and who held more positive personal teaching efficacy beliefs for writing exhibited generally more positive perceptions of their state’s standards. In contrast, only teacher efficacy beliefs made a unique contribution to the survey respondents’ attitudes and beliefs about their state’s writing test.     

大学英语四级考试阅读理解测试与写作测试的相关性研究

对2007年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解测试和写作测试分项成绩的抽样数据表明：考生的阅读理解能力与写作能力在总体上呈正相关,阅读能力强的考生较阅读能力中等（或差）的考生具有更强的写作能力。此结论为外语教学中阅读能力和写作能力之间存在互相影响、相互促进的相关性提供了依据。     

人教版NSEFC读写技能整合类型划分及教学建议

基于《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》共享知识理论以及迁移理论关于读写技能的相关论述,我们可以从课堂教学角度,把高中英语读写技能整合课型划分为阅读仿写和阅读创写两种类型。阅读仿写的教学目标直接指向写作能力培养,阅读创写的教学目标可以指向写作,通过写作解决阅读材料提出的问题,也可以指向阅读和写作。划分这两种读写技能整合类型有利于提高教学活动设计的针对性,更好地发展学生的综合语言运用能力。     

Teaching writing to middle school students in Portugal and in Brazil: an exploratory study

Learning how to write is a challenging process, typically developed in schools. Teachers’ practices in teaching writing, however, have been under researched. The aim of this study was to survey a sample of teachers from Portugal (n = 96) and Brazil (n = 99) about their practices for and perceptions about writing instruction. Teachers reported on time devoted to student writing and the teaching of writing, on their practices to promote students’ self-regulated writing, adaptations for less skilled writers, and their perceptions about writing and the teaching of writing. Findings from this survey raised concerns about the quality of writing instruction in both countries. Teachers reported little time devoted for writing and the teaching of writing in their classes. The majority of the teachers rarely used practices to promote students’ self-regulated writing or applied explicit teaching methods for writing instruction. Both Portuguese and Brazilian teachers perceived writing as a shared responsibility. Brazilian teachers, however, agreed with this perception more strongly. Portuguese teachers’ perception of the importance of writing for students’ academic and professional success was higher than the perceptions held by Brazilian teachers. A positive correlation was found between teachers’ preparation to teach writing and their practices to promote students’ self-regulated writing. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Learning to Write: Plowing and Hoeing,Labor and Essaying

In this paper Amanda Fulford addresses the issue of student writing in the university, and explores how the increasing dominance of outcome‐driven modes of learning and assessment is changing the understanding of what it is to write, what is expected of students in their writing, and how academic writing should best be supported. The starting point is the increasing use of what are termed “technologies” of writing — “handbooks” for students that address issues of academic writing — that systematize, and smooth the work of writing in, Fulford argues, an unhelpful way. This leads to a reconsideration of what it means to write in the university, and what it is to be a student who writes. Fulford explores etymologically the concept of “writing” and suggests that it might be seen metaphorically as physical labor. Writing as physical labor is explored further through the agricultural metaphors in Henry David Thoreau's Walden and through Stanley Cavell's reading of that text. In making a distinction between writing‐as‐plowing and writing‐as‐hoeing, Fulford argues that some technologies of writing deny voice rather than facilitate it, and she concludes by offering a number of suggestions for the teaching and learning of writing in the university that emphasize the value of being lost (in one's subject and one's work) and finding one's own way out. These “lessons” are illustrated with reference to Thoreau's text Walden and to American literature and film.     

开放教育本科英语写作问题与对策

本文是在问卷调查基础上完成的一项研究。通过对开放教育英语专业本科高级英语写作课程的调查，本文着重分析和讨论开放教育学习者在学习过程中的问题，结合远程开放教育特征与英语写作特点，提出了一些相应对策，以期对构建开放教育英语写作课程的模式有所借鉴。     

Examining fourth-grade mathematics writing: features of organization,mathematics vocabulary,and mathematical representations

Increasingly, students are expected to write about mathematics. Mathematics writing may be informal (e.g., journals, exit slips) or formal (e.g., writing prompts on high-stakes mathematics assessments). In order to develop an effective mathematics-writing intervention, research needs to be conducted on how students organize mathematics writing and use writing features to convey mathematics knowledge. We collected mathematics-writing samples from 155 4th-grade students in 2 states. Each student wrote about a computation word problem and fraction representations. We compared mathematics-writing samples to a norm-referenced measure of essay writing to examine similarities in how students use writing features such as introductions, conclusions, paragraphs, and transition words. We also analyzed the mathematics vocabulary terms that students incorporated within their writing and whether mathematics computation skills were related to the mathematics vocabulary students used in writing. Finally, we coded and described how students used mathematics representations in their writing. Findings indicate that students use organizational features of writing differently across the norm-referenced measure of essay writing and their mathematics writing. Students also use mathematics vocabulary and representations with different levels of success. Implications for assessment, practice, and intervention development are discussed.     

Making inter-disciplinary spaces for talk about and change in student writing and literacy development

This paper discusses the role of a writing centre in creating spaces for talk about and change in disciplinary writing pedagogy. It asks how collaborative partnerships between disciplinary academics and Writing Centre practitioners might be established and nurtured sustainably. Drawing on insights from two collaborations with academics in political studies and law, the article asserts that writing centre practitioners play a valuable role in talking about and changing the way academic writing and literacy is taught in the disciplines. This is shown by working consistently with the understanding that critical reading, thinking and writing are literacy acts rather than generic skills and must therefore be learned and practiced in the disciplines. By supporting disciplinary academics in re-examining course outcomes, materials and assessments, and moving away from a ‘skills approach’ to writing, it is shown that building discipline-specific spaces for writing and literacy development is possible through these collaborative partnerships.     

阅读与欣赏：各类文体写作的入门之旅

任何一种文体写作能力的提高，基础写作理论的指导是十分必要的，但是阅读和欣赏却是各类文体写作能力的第一步。阅读和欣赏是认识文体的首要环节，是文体感性知识得以积累的前提。写作理论的运用必须在阅读和欣赏的基础上才能实现。阅读和欣赏不仅是各类文体写作的归宿，更是各类文体写作的出发点。     

论新课程背景下写作教学的理念和目标

写作教学应确立正确的理念和明确的目标。语文课程标准对写作教学提出了基本的认识和要求,即写作教学应培养学生对写作的兴趣和自信心,发展学生的思维,引导学生感受生活、体验人生,要开阔写作空间,鼓励学生自由表达。课程标准中的写作教学目标反映了学生写作应当追求的境界,即真实作文、个性作文、创意作文、独立作文。据此进行写作教学,应引导学生说真话、抒真情,培养学生形成良好的写作习惯,提示学生考虑不同的写作目的和对象,重视学生之间的合作与交流,以及提高学生独立的写作能力。     

大学英语四、六级"写的能力"解读

根据《大学英语教学大纲》对“写的能力”的说明，这一能力可分为阅读性写作能力和命题性写作能力。明确区分这两种能力对真正意义上的“写的能力”的培养十分重要。从某种意义上说。前者是按一定的规范对阅读材料的思想展开的逻辑关系进行解析和再现的能力；后者则是按照一定的体裁要求。选用一定的语篇思维模式组织语篇的能力。两种能力都是“写的能力”不可或缺的一部分，在“写的能力”的形成发展过程中两者呈相辅相成的互动关系。因此，在教学中我们应注意学生这两种能力的协调发展。