我国高等教育大众化阶段教育质量问题浅析

从1999年开始,我国高等教育发展速度和规模持续增长,到2006年,高等教育在校人数达到2500万,高等教育毛入学率也达到了22%.我国高等教育已经从精英教育阶段进入大众化教育阶段.在高等教育大众化的过程中,必须重新审视高等教育质量问题,树立新的高等教育质量观,建立更加完善的质量保证体系,从而使我国的高等教育达到数量和质量的和谐统一.     

Privatisation, Decentralisation and Education in the United Kingdom: The Role of the State

Since the early 1950s, the axis centralisation–decentralisation, especially as thematised in the work of Isaac Kandel, has represented a major focus of comparative studies in education. Kandel argued that issues relating to the internal conduct of the classroom (interna) should, so far as possible, be decentralised, while issues relating to administration, school structure and organisation of the educational system (externa) might safely be centralised. After 1988, successive governments in the United Kingdom have undertaken reforms which have placed more central control on the curriculum and even methods of teaching (interna), while school finance and administration (externa) have been devolved to the school level. The present essay argues that a simplistic approach to centralisation and decentralisation is not likely to be fruitful. Instead, we should acknowledge the role of the State in creating a permissive framework for educational systems. Local action can then be seen as part of a policy accommodating or resisting the implications of that framework.     

远程教育与高等教育大众化

高等教育大众化是经济建设和社会发展对教育的需求，也是人民群众希望接受高等教育的需求。推进现代化，必须推进高等教育大众化。本文在分析实施高等教育大众化进程中有关制约因素及其对策的基础上，提出大力发展现代远程教育，为实现高等教育大众化服务的观点。     

大众化背景下中高等职业教育衔接的问题研究

我国高等教育大众化进程既给职业教育带来发展良机,也给职业教育体系的建设特别是中高职衔接带来一系列问题和挑战。本文从结构与功能的角度分析大众化背景下中高职在层次、生源、专业和课程衔接以及质量上存在的主要问题,指出功能选择偏失和管理结构缺位是中高职衔接脱节的主要原因,并提出促进中高职实质性衔接的四点思路,即强化系统自组织功能和自我调节机制,适度扩大对口招生,加强专业与课程衔接和改进职业教育管理体制。     

高等教育大众化与教育质量关系辨析

高等教育大众化是历史发展的一种必然趋势,也是社会政治、经济、科技发展对高等教育的必然要求。如何推动高等教育大众化的进程,处理好其与教育质量的关系,实现高等教育规模、结构、效益的协调发展,这是至关重要的,高等教育大众化应以确保质量为前提,这样才能实现真正意义上的高等教育大众化。     

高等教育的多样化与跨国模式——马来西亚私立高等教育的发展和变革

马来西亚的私立高等教育在1990年代开始迅速扩展,并且所办的课程也趋向多样化、国际化。本文主要是着重在阐述马来西亚私立高等教育从1980年代到21世纪初的发展,以及在这段时期所做出的变革和创新。     

Education for citizenship: a model for the future government of education

This paper considers models for the future government of education. It is proposed that choice will reflect dominant values about the future purpose, role and organization of education in a context of structural change in economy and society. Three models are discussed: one seeking to strengthen the government from the centre, another to strengthen the institution, while a further model argues for stronger local government of education. Conclusions propose that while effective government will require the virtues of each model, an extension of local democracy and citizen participation provides the best conditions for a learning society over the next decade.     

Education Management Organisations and the Privatisation of Public Education: A cross-national comparison of the USA and Britain

Education Management Organisations (EMOs), for-profit and non-profit management companies engaged in take-over and operation of public education, are becoming big business in the USA and the UK. It is estimated that in the US, EMOs were projected to generate up to $123 billion dollars in revenue in 2000. In the smaller UK system it is estimated that about 5 billion of services in public education could be contracted out to private organisations per annum. This paper examines the policy frameworks that have enabled EMOs to take-over and progressively contribute to the privatisation of public education in two national settings, the USA and England and Wales. The British scene is distinctive because government policies that have sought to expand the role of the private sector, via public-private partnerships, in the provision of public sector services and its strong accountability system, have provided opportunities for EMOs to be engaged in, or take-over, schools and educational administrative services formerly provided by LEAs. In the US, in the mid-1990s, EMOs were invited to take over school districts and specific schools. However, this practice has been succeeded by a new focus on taking over the management of charter schools. A large capital market that is able to finance enterprises involved in educational services supports the development of EMOs in the US. Our research findings, however, point to halting progress by EMOs in public education in the US. There have been well-publicised failures to deliver the promised better education at a lower cost and also well-documented failure to raise student performance levels in school and school districts. The paper concludes with reflections on the extent to which EMOs have taken forward privatisation and its implications for the governance of education.     

论公共事业管理中义务教育的教育公平

从公共经济学的概念来讲,教育所产生的产品既有公共产品的属性,又有私人产品的属性,这个双属性主要针对的是高等教育。而在公共事业管理中,义务教育提供的则是纯的准公共产品,它所体现的是社会大众的根本利益。要实现我国教育事业又快又好的发展,必须从基础教育抓起,更好更快地推进义务教育的教育公平。那么,如何实现义务教育的教育公平呢?目前,我国现阶段义务教育的不公平主要体现在教育政策制度、教育资源配置、经费投入上的不合理等。要想实现义务教育的教育公平,就必须实现义务教育阶段的教育资源均衡配置和对义务教育事业经费合理支出。本文从公共事业管理理论的角度,通过对我国现阶段义务教育及基础教育现状的分析,来阐述如何实现义务教育的教育公平。     

Parental education in Cyprus: Past,present and future

The article examines the history of parental education in Cyprus from its beginnings in the 1960s until the present day, in the wider context of Cypriot history and education. It considers the three main forums of parental education in the country, the Pancyprian School for Parents, the Adult Education Centres of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the University of Cyprus, which roughly coincide with the past, the present and the future of parental education on the island. The article comments on the development of the teaching philosophy and approach in the area of parental education, namely from a passive teacher centred traditional didactic model to a more dynamic participatory partnership.     

Privatisation and marketisation of higher education in Indonesia: the challenge for equal access and academic values

Increasing costs of running educational institutions and funding educational programs, coupled with decreasing government subsidies to support such costs, have made privatisation and marketisation of higher education a common phenomenon throughout the world. The article presents the development of this trend in Indonesia utilizing two recent government regulations: Badan Hukum Milik Negara (BHMN/State Owned Legal Institution) law of 1999, and Badan Hukum Pendidikan (Educational Legal Institution) law of 2009. Three main criticisms to the regulations include impartiality towards low-income students, the government’s reduced responsibility and commitment to education, and commercialization of public universities. The article argues that the regulations and their main criticisms have failed to address the underlying causes to educational inequity and the lack of emphasis on the impacts of privatisation and marketisation on academic values and purposes of higher education. The article emphasizes the need to revisit the purposes of higher education, to reinforce academic standards and values, and to strengthen the teaching profession.     

农村教育:问题·对策·取向

中国农村的教育问题依然严峻,亟需解放农村教育生产力。其对策:物质保障、制度支持、精神导向;其价值取向:要从缺乏迁移力的简单知识技术培训提升到广泛创造性生产、过创造性生活和不断创造开拓新的生命活力之道的价值追求。     

多元化发展：成人高等教育面临的战略选择

面对知识经济社会带来的机遇和挑战。成人高等教育该何去何从？多元化发展必然成为成人高等教育的战略选择。本文解释了多元化发展的涵义及基本特征,同时从深层的理论依据和多个层面的现实需求探讨了成人高等教育多元化发展的可行性、必要性和紧迫性。     

Universities,public policy and economic development in Latin America: the cases of Mexico and Venezuela

Since the establishment of national university systems in Mexico and Venezuela, three principal demands have dominated the formulation of university policy: the ideological demand imposed by government rhetoric and national aspirations (a demand reflected in federal expenditure), the demand of the national economy for different areas and levels of professional expertise, and the broad-based political and social demand for upward mobility by way of university education. Tensions between these three demands in both Mexico and Venezuela have stemmed from the historically decreasing ability of Latin American economies to produce significant long-term social mobility into the middle classes. Although in the 1940s and 1950s the university systems played important roles in promoting social mobility, by the 1960s the number of professional jobs was much smaller than the number of university graduates. By the 1980s, the social role of the universities was severely limited by economic crisis brought on by a combination of dropping oil prices, debt, and government deficits. The major challenge currently facing Mexico and Venezuela in higher education policy is to restart economic growth to provide jobs for university graduates.     

科学教育：过去,现在和未来

一百年来,现实的吁求,政治经济问题的直接充当了我们科学教育的思维起点,以至从过去到现在一直都没有形成健全的民族科学教育理念,使科学意识并没有深入民族文化心理之中,未来的科学教育必须在充分反思教育与科学自身处境的基础上,协调科学教育与社会发展的关系,处理好科学与人文、科学文化与民族心理、心智训练与知识掌握、普及与提高、尊重科学与唯科学主义之间的紧张与冲突,以谋求自身乃至民族的健康发展。     

Outdoor education in Hong Kong: Past, present and future

This paper examines the development of outdoor education in Hong Kong from its colonial roots to the challenges of its uncertain future. The scene is set by a synopsis of Hong Kong's geography, history, economy, and culture. Next, we trace the history of organised outdoor education from the early 1900s to the present day. This is followed by a critical exploration of issues facing youth adventure education programmes and management development programmes. The paper closes with recommendations to return to “real” outdoor courses in natural environments, to raise the standards of training available to outdoor leaders, and finally, to create a governing body that would facilitate inter-organisational learning, raise standards of programme design and delivery, and help build a body of literature that is specific to experiential learning in Hong Kong.