优势视角下处境不利儿童心理弹性的社会动力模型

当个体在面对危机和不利处境时,其潜质会被激发和唤醒,生成一种应对困难的精神物质力量,即心理弹性。随着生物学、脑科学和统计学的发展,围绕心理弹性“源”、“流”和“驱动”的多元动力研究兴起。近年来,优势视角开始指导心理弹性研究。相关研究表明,从优势视角出发的个体拥有一种在逆境中看到希望的能力,并为最终实现目标而坚持不懈。心理弹性激发与培育的内在机理可以看成环境的“挑战性”与自我的“心理弹性”两种向度相交融的四种情形,其结构维度可分为外部支持因素、内在优势因素和效能因素。社会支持系统是影响心理弹性的重要因素,社会认知、社会心态、社会文化与社会沟通是其主成分和驱动力,处境不利儿童能借助社会支持系统而更具耐受性。据此,从优势视角理论出发,针对处境不利儿童的心理弹性结构维度与以社会支持网络为基础的实践的有效融合、心理弹性理论研究与临床实践的有机结合等多元动力研究是未来值得关注的新趋向。     

农村留守儿童学校教育管理的启示——以澳大利亚"学生心理弹性训练"为视角

已有的研究证明,心理弹性是一种与逆境和挫折相抵抗的能力.相对不利处境下的农村留守儿童,在成长的过程中迫切需要这样的能力,以不断应对环境中的危险性因素进而实现自身发展.在分析心理弹性内涵和作用机制的基础上,结合澳大利亚"学生心理弹性训练"项目所采取的策略,基于学校教育的视角从教育管理者、教育管理原则、教育管理内容、教育管理形式等方面探讨了该项目对农村留守儿童学校教育管理的启示,启发学校管理者尽可能为留守儿童提供支持、减少风险,促进农村留守儿童的健康成长及长远发展.     

心理弹性理论及其对幼儿教育的启示

心理弹性是指个体在面临严重压力或逆境时,其心理功能没有受到损伤性影响,相反表现出良好发展的现象。儿童心理弹性的形成受诸多内外因素影响。教师与家长如果能够很好地注意这些因素,让幼儿获得良好的社会支持,引导幼儿抵御不利处境,他们就会表现出良好的心理弹性,并在今后的生活中很好地应对不良环境。     

心理弹性研究对心理健康教育的启示

"心理弹性"是在弹性力学基础上提出的心理学概念,近二三十年来该领域的研究已成为西方心理学界研究的热点。文章首先阐述了心理弹性概念、促进心理弹性形成的保护性因素、作用机制以及与积极心理学的契合等问题,然后探讨了心理弹性研究对当前心理健康教育的启示。     

心理弹性理论视域下高师生心理健康教育课程体系构建

心理弹性理论对于当下高师院校心理健康教育课程体系的构建具有重要启示意义。具体说来,心理弹性理论视域下高师生心理健康教育课程体系构建可以从四方面来实现．即：课程目标诉诸于高师生能动的心理复原力、心理抵抗力和心灵韧劲的实现与培养;课程内容诉诸于高师生心理弹性品质养成的“保护因素”的资源构建;课程实施方式侧重主动、互动、体验等能够激发心理弹性人格养成的方式和方法;课程评估引入自我评估与社会评估相结合的评估方式。     

心理弹性理论视野下看寒门是否再难出学子

心理弹性研究表明保护性因素通过各种途径对贫困学子产生重要的积极影响。人格倾向性、支持性家庭环境和外部支持系统三个保护性因素促使寒门学子积极应对生活逆境而赢得正常发展。公共教育资源向处境不利学子倾斜,为其提供学习和生活环境,促进智力、情绪、社会性等方面的健康发展。     

感戴对大学生心理健康的影响：心理弹性的中介作用

为探究感戴和心理弹性对大学生心理健康的影响及其路径,采用《大学生感戴问卷》《心理弹性量表》和《凯斯勒心理困扰量表》对江苏省无锡市某高校497名大学生进行调研。结果显示：大学生感戴在性别上存在显著差异,大学生感戴、心理弹性和心理健康风险在不同专业上存在显著差异。感戴不仅可以直接降低大学生的心理健康风险,还通过心理弹性间接降低心理健康风险。因此,高校应加强感戴教育、注重挫折教育、深化心理健康教育,促进大学生健康成长。     

课后服务如何帮助处境不利儿童走出困境——抗逆力理论下洛杉矶“教育向未来”课后充实计划透视

借课后服务之力,帮助处境不利儿童走出困境,产生造福社会的实际效益,是美国社会大众、各级政府及学术界长期以来共同关注的议题。美国非营利性课后服务项目代表——洛杉矶“教育向未来”课后充实计划在联邦政府推动、加州政府响应和民间组织的支持下,依据教育政策和教育理论不断调整并更新其教育目标。其实践演进逻辑与抗逆力的发展高度相似：减少风险因素,为处境不利儿童搭建避风港;增加保护因素,为处境不利儿童提供丰富的教育;恢复适应系统,改善处境不利儿童的教育生态。该计划经过多年发展,在减少问题行为、提升学业表现和改善生活条件等方面取得显著成效。然而,课后服务所起作用有限,要使处境不利儿童脱离风险,还需创造生成的教育,让儿童看见希望、产生期盼。     

论大学生的心理弹性

心理弹性研究已成为西方心理学界研究的热点,但在我国尚处于起步阶段。大学生作为一个特殊的社会群体,危险性因素和保护性因素是其心理弹性的两大影响因素,所以把“心理弹性”这个概念引入到大学生群体中来,探讨其心理弹性,希望能为大学生心理危机的预防和干预提供理论指导,为高校心理健康教育提供实践支持。     

医学新生心理健康教育课程中心理弹性理论的应用

通过将心理弹性理论应用于医学新生的心理健康教育课程中,探讨心理弹性在医学新生心理健康教育中发挥的积极作用。     

Caregiving and Developmental Factors Differentiating Young At-Risk Urban Children Showing Resilient versus Stress-Affected Outcomes: A Replication and Extension

This study tested hypotheses from an organizational-developmental model for childhood resilience. In this model resilience reflects a child's mastery of age-salient objectives, in the face of substantial adversity, by drawing on internal and external resources that enhance processes of adaptation specific to each developmental stage. Interviews were conducted with parents of 122 7- to 9-year-old urban children exposed to multiple risk factors, 69 classified as resilient and 53 as maladjusted. Consistent with predictions generated by the model: (1) characteristics of a child's caregiving system and early development differentiated children with resilient and stress-affected adaptations; and (2) variables reflecting emotionally responsive, competent parenting were direct, proximal predictors of resilient status and mediators of other caregiver resources such as education, mental health, and relational history. Identified predictors of resilient status, including competent parenting and caregiver psychosocial resources, largely replicated findings from a prior study with sociodemographically comparable 9- to 12-year-old children.     

新冠肺炎疫情背景下儿童青少年积极发展的理论探析

新冠肺炎疫情的持续蔓延为儿童青少年的发展带来了风险.积极心理学强调人类自身的潜能、美德、积极情绪等对个体发展的意义,通过使用预防性心理保健帮助个体适应环境,儿童青少年获得积极发展后,能对个人、家庭、社区及人类社会做出积极的贡献,并大大降低出现问题行为和罹患精神疾病的风险,与儿童青少年在常态化疫情防控下的发展需求相契合....     

The mental health and psychological well-being of refugee children and young people: an exploration of risk,resilience and protective factors

This research investigates the perceptions of refugee children, refugee parents and school staff regarding the positive adaptation of refugee children in a new social context and the effects on mental health and psychological well-being. This included an exploration of resilience and the role of risk and protective factors. Few studies have focused on views from a resilience perspective, and these have tended to use quantitative rather than qualitative measures. This mixed methods piece of “real world” research adopted a “what’s working well” perspective and explored the important voices of these children, parents and school staff. Staff, parent and child responses were triangulated to provide a rich picture of the potential protective factors operating within the school and family environment. Implications for practice are discussed.     

抗逆力研究及对我国学校心理健康教育的启示

抗逆力是近二三十年来欧美国家青少年研究领域的一个热点问题。抗逆力的发现推进了心理健康教育的范式变革。抗逆力是能力、过程与结果的统一。学校心理健康教育的工作要点是激活抗逆力。借鉴抗逆力的研究成果,我国学校心理健康教育的重点应由“关注问题”转向“关注优势”;坚持发展性辅导为主,障碍性治疗为辅的价值取向;把挖掘学生抗逆力作为心理健康教育的核心内容。     

农村留守儿童发展的生态模型与教育启示

近些年来,农村留守儿童已经成为中国一类不可忽视的弱势群体,农村留守儿童的健康发展受到了全社会的广泛关注。然而,由于缺乏相应的理论基础,农村留守儿童的心理发展与教育研究相对比较薄弱,甚至得出了一些比较有争议的研究结论。从本质上看,农村留守儿童的发展问题实际上是环境与个体发展之间的关系问题。基于对环境与个体关系的宏理论和相关微理论的分析,文章提出了农村留守儿童心理发展的生态模型,从远环境和近环境以及保护因素和危险因素等与儿童发展结果之间的相互作用关系进行了探讨。最后,基于该模型,提出了针对农村留守儿童的教育建议。     

农村留守儿童心理健康教育的影响因素分析与对策

留守儿童是当前社会发展中的弱势群体,普遍存在心理问题,心理健康水平比较低,留守儿童之所以会存在心理健康方面的问题,是由多方面的因素导致.本文先分析当前农村留守儿童心理健康教育现状,接着分析影响留守儿童心理健康状况的因素,并提出相应的对策,以此更好的促进农村留守儿童身心健康发展.     

Social-emotional competence trajectories from a school-based child trauma symptom intervention in a disadvantaged community

Childhood exposure to traumatic experiences and subsequent psychological symptoms increase the risk for lifelong behavioral and mental health problems, including depression diagnoses, reduced adaptive coping strategies, substance abuse, and early death, with negative impacts on children's social development and academic achievement. Social-emotional competence (SEC) is a key component of resilience to trauma exposure, and early deficits predict increased problem behaviors include delinquency and substance use. SEC is a protective factor that moderates the relationship between risks associated with trauma and subsequent outcomes. The current study used a longitudinal experimental design (treatment vs. comparison) to examine outcomes from a trauma-informed initiative in a disadvantaged community with high trauma exposure rates for K-8th grade students (n = 245). The intervention focused on bolstering children's social-emotional skills and resilience while reducing trauma symptoms and improving academic performance through multimodal programming. Hierarchical Linear Modeling indicated significant improvements in SEC from the intervention group, in contrast to the comparison group (B = 3.42, t = 3.04, p < .01), with gender effects indicating females see the greatest benefit (B = 3.52, t = 4.27, p < .01). Results indicated the significance of addressing SEC for children in disadvantaged communities, particularly those indicating a trauma history and resulting symptomology, as well as boys, who indicated reduced treatment effects.     

单亲贫困大学生心理健康问题调查分析——以安徽省不同区域5所大学为例

单亲贫困大学生这一特殊群体,由于受社会、家庭和经济等因素的影响,成为心理健康问题的高发人群.本文采用《不安诊断测验量表》和《临床症状自评量表》对安徽省不同区域5所大学1000名大学生心理现状进行了调查,结果表明:单亲贫困大学生在缺乏自我控制力、妄想与疑心倾向、人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑心理、睡眠及饮食状况不良等五个方面的心理健康问题表现比较显著,明显高于普通大学生.据此,本研究提出了构建以学校为中心的心理健康教育平台、建立单亲贫困大学生心理健康档案、利用现代网络实施心理健康咨询与辅导、引导单亲贫困大学生踊跃参加社会交往活动等心理健康教育措施.     

‘Push on through’: Children’s perspectives on the narratives of resilience in schools identified for intensive mental health promotion

Child mental health is a growing concern for policymakers across the global north. Schools have become a key site for mental health interventions, with new programmes aimed at promoting ‘resilience’, through which children may maintain or regain mental health during adversity. As one of the first studies to explore the early impact of intensive mental health promotion in schools from children’s perspectives, we adopt a governmentality approach to consider the logic and techniques of such programmes with a specific focus on England. An innovative visual methodology was used to focus on student perspectives of mental health interventions in school. Young peoples’ photo representations of mental health were collected and used to stimulate focus group discussions with 65 students aged 12–14, across seven schools. ‘Resilience’ was seen to be the key organising concept for mental health interventions in schools. The concept was viewed as narrowly focused on attitude towards—and performance in—school work, with individuals being encouraged to ‘push on through’ difficulties to achieve success. Young people were critical of this approach, suggesting several alternatives. These included increased access to independent mental health professionals, safe spaces within schools and mental health education that addressed the social and affective dimensions of mental health difficulties.     

心理弹性理论视阈下农村留守儿童问题研究

心理弹性是一种处于逆境中能够克服危险因素,避免发展功能、适应能力、心理健康等方面受损的稳定的人格特质或能力。文章从心理弹性视角出发,剖析了留守儿童面临的问题,并在此理论的指导下,提出了解决留守儿童问题的相关策略。