全纳教育视野下特殊儿童教育研究

全纳教育起源于特殊教育,特殊教育是全纳教育的一个重要组成部分,近年来特殊教育在世界范围内发展迅速,并引起极大的关注。本文从全纳教育理念出发对我国特殊教育发展过程中出现的师资力量薄弱、教育公平难以实现、政策落实力度低、法制保障不健全等方面的问题进行了研究,并在此基础上试着提出一系列的相应解决对策。     

从全纳教育视角探析我国特殊教育师资培养

特殊教育师资的有效培养是促进我国特殊教育事业发展的先决条件和重要途径。在“大特殊教育”理念的指导下,全纳教育的发展趋势带给特殊教育的师资培养和发展新的要求和挑战。在全面理解全纳教育内涵的基础上,寻找我国特殊教育师资培养的问题及出路,并提出教育理念的接纳与转变、教师队伍的专业化、开放的培养体系及资源整合等建议,为我国在全纳教育背景下特殊教育师培养和发展途径提供理论参考。     

全纳教育背景下特殊教育资源探讨

全纳教育理念追求教育公平、机会平等,尊重个体差异,主张普通学校应接纳所有儿童,认为社会应构建全纳学校、全纳社区,进而构建全纳性社会.随着社会的发展,资源、教育资源的内涵与外延不断更新.在全纳教育背景下,对特殊教育资源进行界定,得出全纳教育理念及特殊教育资源对教师、教育的启示.特殊教育资源应从本国具体历史条件出发,突出对特殊教育运转和发展的信息、价值、功能作用,并应将之用于特殊教育实践活动当中.     

"全纳教育"呼唤中国完善特殊教育政策和教育立法

"全纳教育"是有影响的国际共识之一。意大利、美国、英国等发达国家是世界上较早实施全纳教育政策的国家,拥有成熟和完善的"全纳教育"体系。将这些国家的"全纳教育政策"与中国的特殊教育政策进行对比,可以找出中国特殊教育政策的不足。国际与国内的教育发展形势需要中国在"全纳教育"基本理念的指导下完善特殊教育政策和特殊教育立法。     

中英高等特殊教育全纳实践的比较研究

在普通高等院校针对特殊学生(残疾人)推行全纳教育是实现教育公平的重要途径.英国政府对全纳教育的重视与大力支持成为其高等特殊教育进行全纳实践的有力保障,其全纳教育发展处于世界领先水平.通过比较分析中英在高等特殊教育全纳实践的背景以及师资培训、教师能力、培养成效等方面,发现中英存在较大差距.英国高校有效地贯彻全纳教育实践,保证了残疾大学生能顺利就业.尤其是英国特教师资的培养目标、培养模式及课程设置对于我国全纳教育实践的发展具有重要的借鉴意义.     

论全纳教育中的家长参与

全纳教育乃当今特殊教育界讨论的一大热点 ,也是国际上特殊教育发展的一大趋势。而无论特殊教育发展到何种阶段 ,家长参与的作用都不可忽视。因此本文试图从全纳教育和家长参与的基本概念、家长参与全纳教育应树立的观念及应采取的措施三方面来探讨全纳教育中的家长参与。     

英国全纳学校的发展特点及变革走向

英国是全纳教育实践较早,较成功的国家.全纳学校是实施全纳教育的固定机构,全纳教育的所有特性都在全纳学校中具体体现.近年来,英国全纳学校特殊儿童数量越来越多、类别越来越泛化、对全纳型教师质量的要求越来越高、课程设置越来越个性化,在远程特殊教育服务、特殊教育教师角色拓展、学生评价等方面呈现出新的发展趋势.     

“融合教育”与“全纳教育”意涵之辨析

自Inclusive Education提出以来,"融合教育"与"全纳教育"便存在着概念上的激烈争议。从历史发展的视角看,"融合教育"起源于特殊教育领域,是特殊教育发展过程中的一个阶段性概念;而"全纳教育"起源于全民教育,其涵盖的范围包括特殊教育在内的整个教育体系。另外,二者在教育对象及学生地位等方面也存在显著差异,因而"融合教育"与"全纳教育"是两个不同的概念,应有区别地加以使用。为促进教育包括特殊教育事业更好地发展,在当今中国大陆,应积极提倡使用"全纳教育"而非"融合教育"这一概念。     

我国职前教师教育中的全纳教育政策研究

全纳教育从提出就不仅仅是针对特殊教育或是有特殊教育需要的学习者而言的,它是在促进全民教育、教育公平的基础上提出的。在我国,与全纳教育相关的政策是"随班就读"政策,而在职前教师教育中与全纳教育相关的政策几乎没有明确的表述,主要面临的问题有:所有的相关政策中都没有明确提出全纳教育的概念;政策较为单一;政策分散;政策中用词笼统;没有专门的全纳教师资格认证制度等。本文提出了相关建议。     

全纳教育的理论基础及教育策略

全纳教育是一种国际性的教育思潮和实践。文章对全纳教育的理念和理论基础进行了分析,认为其要点在于接纳与融合、有效参与、满足学生的特殊教育需要、合作四方面,梳理了全纳教育的理论前提和目标定位,并据此提出在普通教育领域推广全纳教育实践的教育策略。     

Excluding the included: A reconsideration of inclusive education

This article examines how the development of inclusive education policies has been constrained by the adhesion of traditional regular and special education imperatives. The fragmentation of educational policy-making presses us towards exclusion; and the protection of professional interests reinforces individual pathologies and creates further exclusionary pressures. The authors contend that inclusive education is not a linear progression from 'special educational needs' and we must endeavour to understand the very different nature of these knowledge bases. Deconstruction is presented as a way of exposing exclusion as it is inscribed within inclusive education policies. The article ends with a series of openings for dialogue about inclusion which address the relationship between ideas and politics; a new politics of research; envisioning forms of schooling which eschew the modernist blueprint; reflexivity; and the teaching of inclusion.     

全纳教育思潮背景下我国教育改革路径探析

20世纪末期兴起全纳教育发端于特殊教育,后逐渐扩展到整个教育领域,在国际上产生了广泛深远的影响。在全纳教育思潮的启示下,我国当今教育改革要树立全纳的观念,遵循平等和多样化原则,在课程设计、教学、专业素养形成等方面都要发生一系列的变革。     

Modelling inclusive special needs education: insights from Dutch secondary schools

Inclusive special needs education is prominent on the international education agenda. Research on the characteristics of inclusive education for students with special needs and schools providing this is scarce, however. Our aim in the present study was therefore to further theory-building with regard to inclusive special needs education. On the basis of the relevant literature, we identified three core aspects of inclusivity: the learning environment, the guidance provided by teachers and the general care structure. With the help of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses conducted on data obtained from school professionals in 79 secondary schools in the Netherlands, we were able to identify 12 underlying characteristics for a conceptual framework to further research on the inclusive nature of schools and education. Multilevel structural equation modelling of the judgments of school professionals at the level of the school also showed that the inclusive special needs education in at least secondary schools can be characterised by two main factors: (1) learning environment and (2) guidance and care. The analyses showed considerable agreement on the important aspects of inclusivity for schools and thus how differences between schools can be explained. The results further showed the work of the care coordinator – which includes cooperation with external partners and teachers with mentoring roles – to be the clearest indicator of the extent of the inclusive special needs education within schools. This finding is interpreted as suggesting that the recommended teaching practices and student care for adequate included special needs education have not yet been integrated into teachers’ thinking and acting. Follow-up research drawing upon the developed framework is therefore called for to not only more generally validate the framework but also determine if the situation in school has changed, now that the policy and practices for inclusive education have become more familiar.     

加强教师教育改革培养全纳型的教师

传统的高等特殊教育教师的培养存在许多问题,急需大力实施改革,目前各个设有特殊教育专业的高校在特殊教育师资培养的改革方面已经进行了一些探索。随着全纳教育的发展,传统的特殊教育教师培训势必向全纳型教师转变。当前的教师教育为实现这一转变提供了良好的契机,构建以培养全纳型教师为宗旨的教师教育体系,应当系统地考虑全纳型教师的培养目标、课程体系和资格认定制度。     

转变观念--实施全纳教育的前提

全纳教育已成为当今世界各国教育发展的一大趋势.由于全纳教育的理论还不成熟,人们对于全纳教育的理解还存在较大的分歧.要实施全纳教育,就应该把握全纳教育的实质,实现观念的转变,即特殊教育需要从个别到普遍,教育对象从部分到全体,受教育权从绝对平等到教育机会均等,教育环境从隔离到最少受限制,教育目的从学会生存到积极参与.相关人员都应该从各自的角色出发,转变观念,树立全纳教育理念,促进全纳教育的实施.     

Inclusive education at the centre of human development issues in Togo

In the concept of inclusive education, the adjective inclusive stands for a universal vision for education for all students. It stands for the mobilisation of various resources in the field of education, for achieving UNESCO's Education For All agenda. Inclusive education aims to combat discrimination and give meaning to difference; that is to say, to the education of students with disabilities and students with special needs. It must be understood and oriented within the framework of the national education strategy. This article presents an analytical study on the system of itinerant teachers initiated in North Togo by the non-governmental organisation Humanity & Inclusion. A practical and inclusive pedagogy project is described as an example of the implementation of inclusive education practices in Togo. Inclusive education is not an immutable concept and does not have a single method of implementation applicable to all countries and to all situations of need. This article reflects on the impact of inclusive education as a pedagogy, to contribute to a continued development of practices for the academic and social inclusion of children with disabilities. Specifically, different actors and interventions in the establishment of inclusive education practices in Togo are identified. Necessary and adequate means for the continued development of national inclusive education policies in Togo are proposed.     

Statistical trends and developments within inclusive education in Turkey

The education of students with special needs in an inclusive environment is becoming more widespread throughout the world. Similarly, in Turkey, the inclusion of students with disabilities has also improved. However, current statistical trends and developments within inclusive education are not well known. The purpose of this study is to provide a statistical analysis of special education data, which were obtained from the Ministry of National Education of Turkey. The findings indicate that some statistical components of special education are missing from most official publications of educational statistics and the number of students and the proportions of special education categories in inclusive education vary from year to year. However, in Turkey, the percentage of students in inclusive education, of all students with special needs, is higher than many European countries. The results show that the number of students with special needs, as well as students in inclusive education, has rapidly increased. Turkey needs to focus on improving the schooling rate of students with special needs, and the quality and variety of special education services within inclusive education.     

成都市幼儿园融合教育现状调查研究

以成都市部分幼儿园教师作为调查对象,对幼儿园融合教育相关因素进行调查,结果不尽如人意。影响幼儿园教师融合教育的主要原因:幼儿园教师缺乏一定的融合理念和融合知识与技能,学前师资培养体制受到历史发展的制约,学前融合教育缺乏专业人员支持,学前融合教育缺乏经济与政策导向的大力支持。要促进成都市幼儿园融合教育发展,应大力培养学前特殊教育专业人才,提高其学前融合教育的能力,加强在职幼儿教师的培训,整合融合教育支持系统,给予幼儿融合教育切实的支持。     

Inclusion in a multi-academy trust: possibilities and perils

In this article we examine how, despite the understanding that a special school is not an inclusive setting, the senior leadership team (SLT) at Forest Academy Trust perceive their special schools as inclusive. Document reviews, interviews and a culminating focus group appear to indicate that possibilities for inclusive education may be related to a shared ethos of inclusion, resources, accessible opportunities, individualised approaches, and collaborative networks. These data also provide a critical insight into the perils related to inclusive education in multi-academy trusts (MATs). The study of this MAT highlights the need for changes to policies, access to and equitable distribution of resources, curricular freedom balanced with accountability, a shift toward collaborative networking and partnership, and a shared vision for enactment, which may be leveraged in order to provide equitable and sustainable system-wide inclusive practices.