试论"学为中心"的教师评价框架

教师评价是我国新时代教育评价改革的重要组成部分.当前教师评价普遍存在目的缺失、不当或模糊,目的与手段不匹配,以及结果运用存在明显偏差等问题.基于教学的专业属性,教师评价本质上是对教师的专业实践进行评价,属于实践评价范畴.教师的专业实践不仅是在实践中发展自我,更是为学生的学习和发展提供专门性服务.教学的本质是"学为中心"的育人专业实践,"学为中心"是构建新型教师评价的逻辑起点.因此,教师评价的根本目的在于促进学生的学习与发展.教师评价的内容要紧紧围绕"学为中心"的教学实践与专业贡献,且需要强调对教师同伴合作的评价,引导和支持教师协同育人."学为中心"的教师评价需要运用表现性评价收集并分析相关证据,基于证据引导教师提升"教书育人"的专业实践能力.只有以学为中心,全面聚焦于促进学生的学习与发展,教师评价才能为教师创造静心育人、潜心育人的良好环境.     

问责背景下的教师专业性:形态、实践与政策选择

教育问责在推动教师承担改进教育之责任的同时,也因它的外塑式本性而改变着教师实行的专业性。实证研究表明,指向于学校与教师的表现式问责,不仅从知识层面上使教师陷入"为发展而发展"的困境,也使他们面临着制度与服务层面的潜在自主缺失。同时,教师专业性的伦理维度亦在问责的挤压下经历着扭曲与重构。调适不同问责间的交互作用,倾听教师的专业声音,是问责有效性发挥及负面效应规避的可能进路。     

论教师专业内涵的理论建构

从理论上构建教师专业内涵:教师专业是由教会学生学习、育人和服务构成的,教会学生学习涉及学生学习什么、如何学习和如何教会学生学习三个问题,育人是指通过实施"新五育"育五维度发展的完整的人,服务包括为家长服务、为同伴服务和为学校服务。建构教师专业内涵对于转变教育方向、政策调整和教师专业学习等具有重要意义。     

美国教师评价政策的四维导向——基于政策文本的分析

教师评价政策已成为教师发展和教育变革的风向标。几十年间,美国教师评价改革在资格规范、效能问责、实践技能和价值文化四个维度不断完善。梳理不同维度美国教师评价政策发展的动向及问题,折射不同导向政策背后的理念支撑,从而加深对基于学生学习的教师发展趋势的理解。     

同侪互助相得益彰——教师效能与教师专业发展的关系探析

教师效能是教师对自身如何很好影响学生学习的能力的信念。它在受教师专业发展价值观影响的同时,也通过影响教师的工作态度、工作动机和教师对教育教学目标的设置与实现而影响教师专业发展。基于此,文章提出了相应的增强教师效能的建议。     

中学政治教师的人格魅力与思想政治课的吸引力

一、中学政治教师人格魅力的内涵与特征教师人格是指教师个体在教育职业活动中逐渐发展并表现出来的行为上的内部倾向性,它对学生身心发展有直接而显著的影响,是教师的能力、情绪、需要、动机、兴趣、态度、价值观、气质、性格和体质等方面的有机整合及其在自己教学过程中的表现。教师人格魅力则是指教师在学习、工作和生活实践中积累起来的,     

以育人能力为核心的教师评价

当前教师评价的重要挑战,是如何以育人能力为核心建立赋能增值的教师评价。这样的教师评价,应以提升育人能力为教师发展的核心目标,围绕目标建立教师评价制度,基于教师评价结果设计教师培养课程、发展路径,关注教师育人表现,推动教师专业自觉,建立"评价、培养、发展"的良性协同机制。从专业、动力、治理、协同这几个维度看,赋能增值的教师评价体系以专业育人活动为中心,推动教师发展体系运作,遵循育人规律,构建新系统,在治理理性与教师诉求达成共识中推动教师专业发展。     

教师评价:注重绩效,还是促进发展

从上世纪80年代中期开始,西方国家先后开始了新一轮的教育改革,改革的核心是问责与教师专业发展。受这两种思想的影响,绩效式教师评价与发展性教师评价成为教师评价的两种主要形式。这两种教师评价模式有内在逻辑及实施的约束条件,当前,执着于长期目标的新课程改革应需要更多的发展性教师评价。     

问责时代的教师教育：兴起、危机与突破

在全球教育治理背景下,越来越多的国际大规模测验结果与研究表明,教师质量既是影响学生学校表现的重要因素之一,也是一个国家基础教育质量的决定性因素。当前,随着知识经济的全球挑战、教师教育的平庸表现以及教师教育研究的知识陷阱,展开教师教育问责已经成为各个国家和地区改善教师质量的有力政策工具与补救措施。已有研究表明,教师教育问责的改革不仅没有带来实质性的进步,而且导致了宏观层面上教师教育政策的同质化、中观研究的工具化以及教师微观发展上的技术化。从而,在不损害教师专业精神发展和研究自治的情况下加强教师质量管理和扩大教师教育政策空间成为一种可能的突破方向：一是在政策话语上进行基于国家教师教育现实的情境构建;二是在研究证据方面构建开放的立体方法论;三是在教师专业文化上形成自下而上的内部问责。     

教师表现性评价:概念辨析、结构要素与关键特征

标准化测量的局限性、教师教育与评价的发展困境、对教师专业化问题的日益重视,以及最为核心且根本的——学生学业质量提升对优质师资的呼唤,促使教师表现性评价应运而生,并不断发展.教师表现性评价强调基于明确的标准,使用专业的判断,通过直接观察被评价者的反应表现来评价被评价者在真实情境中的技能运用和问题解决能力,并真实有效地促进学生学习.其结构要素包括表现目标、表现任务和评分规则3个部分.教师表现性评价具有一切行动基于指向促进学生学习的教师专业发展的突出特征,对于解决我国当前教师评价领域的问题具有重要的借鉴意义.     

Developing teachers’ capacities in assessment through career-long professional learning

Abstract

In a context of increasing demand for quality and equity in education and a sharp focus on accountability, classroom teachers are also expected to support and improve learning outcomes for pupils in response to their individual needs. This paper explores three issues: how teachers understand assessment in relation to their students’ learning, the curriculum and their pedagogical choices; how teachers’ capacity to use assessment to improve students’ learning can be developed through career-long professional learning (CLPL); and how teachers’ learning can be implemented and sustained in schools, both locally and nationally. In considering these issues, recent thinking about learning and assessment and CLPL are considered alongside empirical evidence from the development and implementation of assessment processes and approaches to professional development in Scotland. The paper emphasises the importance of a dynamic framework of CLPL that recognises the individuality of teachers’ learning needs and the consequent need for tailored professional learning opportunities with different combinations of support and challenge at school, local and national levels.     

教师在线专业学习共同体的内涵、价值及其构建

构建教师在线专业学习共同体对于完善未来国家在线教师教育体系有着重要意义.在线专业学习共同体借助互联网技术营造的网络学习空间,通过共同学习、资源分享、沟通对话,有力地支持教师学习者获得拓展个人专业学习边界的机会.构建教师在线专业学习共同体将赋能教师合作学习,丰富教师跨界学习路径,提升教师群体归属感,激发教师自我变革动力.应紧密结合网络虚拟空间的特征、教师专业学习的需求以及共同体的核心内涵,从技术性要素、认知性要素和社会性要素三方面着手构建高效的教师在线专业学习共同体.     

Contesting educational assessment policies in Australia

ABSTRACT

Assessment is a major component of education, significant in directing what is identified as valued student learning. This paper is framed within an understanding of imperative and exhortative policy. Two paradigmatically different, and potentially contesting, assessment policy directions in Australian education – educational accountability to monitor school and teacher performance, and teacher assessment practices to improve learning (assessment for learning [AfL] or formative assessment) – are examined for their impact on teacher professionalism. Both approaches have official endorsement in Australian policy. Mandated participation in national tests is indicative of educational accountability assessments under national direction. While also endorsed nationally, AfL implementation is reliant on state and territory direction. Our examination reveals tensions in the alignment of both policies. This is evident in the impact of accountability assessment on AfL implementation, in particular, teachers’ understandings of valued assessment evidence. We conclude that a paradigmatic shift to support student learning in Australian schools is a policy imperative that includes the need for professional development and learning support for teachers.     

How do teachers learn together? A study of school-based teacher learning in China from the perspective of organisational learning

Studies of professional development have examined the influence of school-based approaches on in-service teacher learning and change but have seldom investigated teachers’ job-embedded learning processes. This paper explores the dynamic processes of teacher learning in school-based settings. A qualitative comparative case study based on the framework of organisational learning was conducted to analyse the ways that 17 teachers from two school-based communities in a secondary school in Shanghai, China, experienced learning through various learning activities. The findings showed that the two group teachers had actively developed implementation-oriented and experimentation-oriented processes of learning. The former process is referred to as exploitation learning. Exploitation learning helps teachers by creating a stable environment to learn the existing knowledge and norms of practice of a school organisation. The latter process is referred to as exploration learning. Exploration or exploratory learning provides a platform for new knowledge construction aimed at improving existing practices in a more radical way. Teachers’ perceptions of and participation in school-based learning activities shape their learning experiences in different ways. Specifically, the support of school leaders is necessary to promote teachers’ exploratory learning in school-based settings. However, the leadership strategies that best support teachers’ learning require further investigation.     

The contribution of non-formal learning in higher education to student teachers’ professional competence

This article reports a mixed methods study on the contribution of various aspects of pre-service student teachers’ learning in initial teacher education (ITE) to their professional competence in a Five-year Bachelor of Education Programme in Hong Kong. Special attention is given to how student teachers’ non-formal learning in higher education contributes to their professional competence, an under-researched area in teacher education. A total of 282 student teachers participated in the quantitative survey, 18 of whom were interviewed. Although  Undergraduate Learning Experience: Formal Learning and Non-formal Learning was not the most highly rated factor, multiple regression indicated that it was the only ITE professional learning factor that significantly predicted all dimensions of professional competence. This supports the hypothesis that non-formal learning as a part of learning in higher education makes a significant contribution to student teachers’ professional competence. The qualitative findings showed that non-formal learning provided opportunities for service learning, co-curricular activities, and student exchange programmes with different objects of engagement. Student teachers constructed pedagogical content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of context through hands-on experiences, professional dialogue with practitioners, and observations of others’ practice. Such knowledge contributed to their competence in classroom teaching and to work in schools. Implications for ITE are discussed.     

How to activate teachers through teacher evaluation?

There is a general doubt on whether teacher evaluation can contribute to teachers’ professional development. Recently, standards-based teacher evaluation has been introduced in many countries to improve teaching practice. This study wants to investigate which teacher evaluation procedural, leadership, and teacher characteristics can stimulate teachers’ feedback utility perceptions and professional learning activities in the context of teacher evaluation. Data were collected in 32 secondary schools from 298 teachers and 32 school leaders, both quantitatively and qualitatively. We put forward a research model which is investigated through path analysis. Results nurture optimism about teacher evaluation indicating that teacher evaluation can stimulate teachers to undertake professional learning activities when they perceive feedback as useful. The important role of the school leader (through both instructional and transformational leadership) is stressed. Teacher participation and teacher collaboration also have a positive influence on teacher evaluation and its outcomes.     

Why mentor? Linking mentor teachers’ motivations to their mentoring conceptions

Current mentoring models for teacher preparation and induction emphasize the need to engage novice teachers’ learning through collaborative professional learning communities. Mentors in such communities are expected to engage in joint knowledge construction with novices, and to be ‘co-thinkers’ who enact a developmental view of mentoring, as well as ‘co-learners’ who are willing to engage in mutual learning with their novices. These two aspects are assumed to be associated in mentor thinking. The aim of this questionnaire study was, therefore, to explore the relationship between mentors’ mentoring conceptions and their mentoring motives. Participants were 726 secondary education mentor teachers, associated with 13 institutes for teacher preparation in the Netherlands. Results showed that a motivation to mentor for personal learning was more strongly associated with a developmental conception of mentored learning to teach than with an instrumental mentoring conception. The same was found for a motivation to mentor for contributing to the profession, but less pronounced. These findings suggest potential strategies for the selection and preparation of mentor teachers for programs that intend to foster collaborative inquiry approaches for novice teacher support.     

No time to think: policy,pedagogy and professional learning

In this study, we seek to illuminate the effects of the global policy convergence in education through a close study of its enactment within an Australian Teacher Education course. Building on an examination of the changing priorities of a cohort of pre-service teachers over a short space of time, we argue that the enactment of New Public Management approaches to the governance of teaching in Australia is having adverse effects on the professional learning of new teachers, defeating the policy goals. Previous studies have investigated the affective impact of current global policy formations on teachers. Building on that work, this study considers the impacts that the teacher policy emphasis on ‘performance’ has had on professional learning processes, which are understood with reference to Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory. The study is undertaken using an interpretative phenomenographic approach and informed by the related methods of discursive psychology, which positions discourse as a discursive practice to achieve specific goals in specific contexts.     

Active learning promoting student teachers’ professional competences in Finland and Turkey

This study investigates student teachers’ active learning experiences in teacher education (TE) in Finnish and Turkish contexts and attempts to determine how active learning methods’ impact student teachers’ professional competences. Student teachers (N = 728) assessed their active learning experiences and the professional competences they achieved during TE. Self-regulated and collaborative learning provided the theoretical framework for the active learning measurements. The professional competences included a wide range of teacher responsibilities in schools and society. The data were collected by a survey. A quantitative analysis utilising a regression analysis approach provided strong evidence that active learning has an impact on professional competences. A qualitative analysis further revealed that active knowledge creation with high engagement in learning tasks and a collaborative learning culture were important modes of active learning. While the study focused on two different TE systems, active learning was important in student teachers’ professional development in both contexts.     

The influence of test‐based accountability policies on early elementary teachers: School climate,environmental stress,and teacher stress

This study examined the potential influence of test‐based accountability policies on school environment and teacher stress among early elementary teachers. Structural equation modeling of data from 541 kindergarten through second grade teachers across three states found that use of student performance on high‐stakes tests to evaluate teachers indirectly was related to teachers’ professional investment via test stress in the environment. Although students in kindergarten through second grade do not take high‐stakes assessments, early elementary teachers reported high levels of stress associated with test‐based accountability policies. This study provides data across multiple states that test‐based accountability policies may have negative influences on school environment and teacher stress among early elementary teachers. Implications for practice and research are discussed.