论赫伯特·西蒙对归纳问题的认知解答

西蒙对归纳问题的思考始于科学发现逻辑的探讨。最初,他试图将归纳法排除在科学发现逻辑之外,但未获成功。在以机器发现方法研究科学发现逻辑的过程中,西蒙在归纳问题上发生了表征转变,将归纳法合理性的辩护从逻辑角度转到认知视角上来。基于批判现代经验论的温和自然主义立场,西蒙从归纳的似然性和人类认知理性的有限性两个方面抛弃了归纳合理性逻辑辩护的认识论传统,提供了归纳问题的认知解答。     

Rethinking Big Science. Modest,mezzo, grand science and the development of the Bevalac, 1971-1993

Historians of science have tended to focus exclusively on scale in investigations of largescale research, perhaps because it has been easy to assume that comprehending a phenomenon dubbed "Big Science" hinges on an understanding of bigness. A close look at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevalac, a medium-scale "mezzo science" project formed by uniting two preexisting machines--the modest SuperHILAC and the grand Bevatron--shows what can be gained by overcoming this preoccupation with bigness. The Bevalac story reveals how interconnections, connections, and disconnections ultimately led to the development of a new kind of science that transformed the landscape of large-scale research in the United States. Important lessons in historiography also emerge: the value of framing discussions in terms of networks, the necessity of constantly expanding and refining methodology, and the importance of avoiding the rhetoric of participants and instead finding words to tell our own stories.     

Digital Images for the Information Professional,by Melissa M. Terras. Burlington,VT: Ashgate, 2008. 245 pp. $114.95 cloth. ISBN 978-0-7546-4860-4 (cloth)

Privacy has largely been equated with every individual's right to privacy. Accordingly, current efforts to protect privacy on the Internet have sought anonymity by breaking, where possible, links with personally identifiable information (PII)—all uses of aggregated data stripped of PII are considered legitimate. This article argues that we need to use a broader concept, general or group identifying information (GII), because even aggregated data stripped of PII violate privacy at the community level. The search engine companies, or anyone else with access to their log files, can use these data to generate a moment-by-moment view of what is on the collective mind. Such a view can be used in a variety of ways, some with deep economic and even political impact. In order to frame this discussion, it is necessary to examine some of the realities of the search engine-mediated associative interface to the World Wide Web. While this interface has enormous benefits for the networked world, it also fundamentally changes a number of issues underlying various current debates about Internet governance.