转基因食品引发的公众讨论

<正>一、相关背景通过基因工程技术将一种或几种外源性基因转移到某种特定的生物体中,并使其有效地表达出相应的产物(多肽或蛋白质),此过程叫转基因。以转基因生物为原料加工生产的食品就是转基因食品。根据转基因食品来源的不同可分为植物性转基因食品,动物性转基因食品和微生物性转基因食品三大类。从世界上最早的转基因作物(烟草)于1983年诞生,到美国孟山都公司转基因食品     

欧盟转基因食品法律规制问题初探

欧盟针对转基因食品的潜在风险采取了世界上最严格的转基因食品法律规制。欧盟对转基因食品进行法律规制有其原因和依据。随着转基因食品的不断增加,欧盟对转基因食品的法律规制日趋完善和严格。     

为转基因食品正"名"

一些商家利用公众对转基因食品的怀疑,误导消费者——转基因成分有害健康。本文科学分析了转基因食品的安全隐患和质疑,介绍了我国转基因食品的审批和安全管理,呼吁消费者要科学对待转基因食品。     

为转基因食品正“名”

一些商家利用公众对转基因食品的怀疑,误导消费者——转基因成分有害健康。本文科学分析了转基因食品的安全隐患和质疑,介绍了我国转基因食品的审批和安全管理,呼吁消费者要科学对待转基因食品。     

浅析转基因食品与人类健康

转基因食品是指以转基因生物为食物或为原料加工生产的食品。通过对转基因食品的安全性进行分析和讨论,对转基因’食品与人类健康关系进行剖析和审视,指出转基因食品的安全性评估应该将健康效益放在第一位,既以慎重的态度确保转基因食品的安全,又以积极的观念对待这一新生事物的发展。     

我国转基因食品标识制度的立法探讨

随着生物技术的发展,转基因食品对环境及健康潜在的风险开始为人们所认识,现阶段为转基因食品加贴特殊标识能有效保护消费者的知情权,本文在介绍了美国、欧盟、日本有关转基因食品标识立法,分析了我国有关转基因食品标识的法律规范,提出了制定专门的转基因食品标识法、制定统一的转基因产品标识国家标准、和设定转基因食品强制标识的阀值等建议。     

民众餐桌悄然变化的哲学思考

一场变革正在13亿中国人的餐桌上悄然进行,转基因食品受到越来越多的关注。面对转基因食品,人们应该怎么认识？本文从哲学角度分析转基因食品现状和特点,指出民众对待转基因食品应坚持实践的基础,用对立统一的方法认识转基因食品的利和弊。并对转基因食品进行具体分析,以民众的意愿为出发点．提出相应对策。     

探讨我国转基因食品标识制度的立法

随着生物技术的发展,转基因食品对环境及健康潜在的风险开始为人们所认识,现阶段为转基因食品加贴特殊标识能有效保护消费者的知情权。本文分析了我国有关转基因食品标识的法律规范,提出了制定专门的转基因食品标识法、制定统一的转基因产品标识国家标准和设定转基因食品强制标识的阀值等建议。     

转基因食品生态安全的伦理探析

21世纪是生物技术的世纪。转基因食品作为转基因技术的产物，其安全性评价引起了人们的高度重视。通过探讨转基因食品生态安全的伦理问题并进行哲学反思，旨在唤起我们对转基因食品安全性的重视，使转基因食品更好地造福于人类。     

完善我国转基因食品立法刍议

转基因食品是生物技术飞速发展的重要成果之一,但是转基因食品本身具有的多种优势性状和各种不确定的危险一直困扰着人们。各国基于不同的利益考虑,其对转基因食品也采取的了不同态度。我国在面对转基因食品时,必须要考虑技术的发展与安全性两者的平衡。笔者通过剖析我国转基因食品立法、管理等存在的问题,提出了一些对策,借以完善我国的转基因食品立法。     

Modifying Knowledge,Emotions, and Attitudes Regarding Genetically Modified Foods

The purpose of this study was to explore whether conceptual change predicted emotional and attitudinal change while learning about genetically modified foods (GMFs). Participants were 322 college students; half read a refutation text designed to shift conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes, while the other half served as a control group. The results suggest that the refutation text effectively facilitated change in conceptual knowledge, emotions, and attitudes. The hypothesized relationship among the variables was explored using structural equation modeling. The analysis showed that when participants experienced knowledge change toward more scientifically accepted conceptions of GMFs, their emotions became more positive and less negative, which predicted a subsequent shift toward more-positive attitudes. The results suggest that change in emotions mediates the relationship between conceptual and attitudinal change. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed including the impact that these findings may have on science education.     

我国转基因食品安全问题的思考

农作物基因改良技术已显示出其独特的技术优势和全新的开发前景，同时也引起了转基因食品的安全之争。目前，有关转基因食品安全问题国际尚无定论，各国大多采用转基因标识法，尊重公众的知情权和商品选择权。根据我国国情，借鉴国外经验，对加强我国转基因食品的安全管理颇有益处。     

Chinese public understanding of the use of agricultural biotechnology A case study from Zhejiang Province of China

This study explores the Chinese public＇s perceptions of, and attitudes to, agriculture and food applications of biotechnology; and investigates the effect of socio-demographic factors on attitudes. A questionnaire survey and interviews were used in an attempt to combine quantitative analysis with qualitative review. The main finding of this study is that the Chinese population has a superficial, optimistic attitude to agricultural biotechnology; and that, in accordance with public attitudes, a cautious policy, with obligatory labelling, should be adopted. The study reveals that education is the factor among socio-demographic variables with the strongest impact on public attitudes. Higher education leads to a more positive evaluation of GM （genetically modified） foods and applications of biotechnology with respect to usefulness, moral acceptability, and suitability for encouragement. In addition, public attitudinal differences depend significantly on area of residence. Compared with their more urban compatriots, members of the public in less developed areas of China have more optimistic attitudes, perceive more benefits, and are more risk tolerant in relation to GM foods and agricultural biotechnology. Finally we obtained a very high rate of＂don＇t know＂ answers to our survey questions. This suggests that many people do not have settled attitudes, and correspondingly, that the overall public attitude to agricultural biotechnology and GM foods in China is at present somewhat unstable.     

Preservice Science Teachers’ Efficacy Regarding a Socioscientific Issue: A Belief System Approach

The aim of the present study was to understand the nature of teaching efficacy beliefs related to a socioscientific issue (SSI). We investigated Turkish preservice science teachers’ teaching efficacy beliefs about genetically modified (GM) foods using a belief system approach. We assumed that preservice teachers’ beliefs about GM foods (content knowledge, risk perceptions, moral beliefs, and religious beliefs) and their teaching efficacy beliefs about this topic constitute a belief system, and these beliefs are interrelated due to core educational beliefs. We used an exploratory mixed design to test this model. We developed and administered specific questionnaires to probe the belief system model. The sample for the quantitative part of this study included 441 preservice science teachers from eight universities. We randomly selected eight participants in this group for follow-up interviews. The results showed that preservice science teachers held moderately high teaching efficacy beliefs. Learning and teaching experiences, communication skills, vicarious experiences, emotional states, and interest in the topic were sources of this efficacy. In addition, content knowledge and risk perceptions were predictors of teaching efficacy. We believe that epistemologies based on traditional teaching and the values attached to science teaching are the core beliefs that affect the relationship between predictor variables and teaching efficacy.     

Teaching and Exploring the Social Implications of Twenty-First Century Molecular Biology in a Laboratory-Based General Education Course

At the University of California, Los Angeles The Genome: Blueprint, Controversy, Destiny is an inquiry-based course with a laboratory component, designed for non-science majors. The course explores the many ways in which molecular biology—including the Human Genome Project, genetically modified foods, gene therapy, and forensics—is increasingly permeating society in the 21st century. The laboratory component of the course includes experience in real research—the sequencing of a microbial genome. Students feel, think, and act like scientists while they consider the societal implications of the technology. The course aims to prepare students to be scientifically literate citizens while simultaneously building a major research accomplishment.     

生态伦理视阈下的转基因作物研究

转基因作物是人类科技发展史上的又一新生事物,然而新生事物的产生总会伴随着科学之争与伦理之辩。转基因作物的迅猛发展给人类带来巨大经济效益和社会效益的同时,对生态环境产生的危害具有科学上的不确定性。本文就转基因作物的潜在优势和生态风险做出深入分析,并提出相应的可行性的伦理生态伦理原则加以规范,以促进转基因作物的和谐发展。     

转基因食品贸易争端中的国际法问题

欧美转基因食品贸易争端反映着国际贸易法制的社会化治理发展趋势,是一种链接国际贸易法和国际人权法的社会表象.通过转基因食品贸易争端案的法律成因分析,可以看出贸易权与人权问题在国际法领域内即分立又沟通、即存在冲突也存在协调的可能.面对转基因食品贸易问题在我国的普遍化和复杂化,我国必须平衡好遵守国际义务与维护国家利益之间的关系.     

Students’ Argumentation Skills across Two Socio-Scientific Issues in a Confucian Classroom: Is transfer possible?

This paper argues the possible simultaneous development and transfer of students' argumentation skills from one socio-scientific issue to another in a Confucian classroom. In Malaysia, the Chinese vernacular schools follow a strict Confucian philosophy in the teaching and learning process. The teacher talks and the students listen. This case study explored the transfer of argumentation skills across two socio-scientific issues in such a Form 2 (8th grade) classroom. An instructional support to complement the syllabus was utilised. The teaching approach in the instructional support was more constructivist in nature and designed to introduce argumentation skills which is uncommon in a Confucian classroom. The two socio-scientific issues were genetically modified foods and deforestation. This paper presents a part of the bigger case study that was conducted. Data collected from written arguments were analysed using an analytical framework built upon Toulmin's ideas. The whole class analysis indicated progression in students' argumentation skills in their ability to give more valid grounds and rebuttals during the transfer. The individual analysis suggests progression in the majority of students' performance, while several students demonstrated non-progression when they faced a different socio-scientific issue.