对乌鲁木齐“天山之夏”太极拳国际邀请赛现场观众的调查

采用问卷调查、专家访谈和数理统计等研究方法,对“天山之夏”太极拳国际邀请赛乌鲁木齐现场观众进行了调查。结果显示：现场观众女性多于男性,中老年人居多,个人购票非常少,观众现场购买力低。观众观看现场比赛的最主要原因是“喜欢太极运动”。场馆辅助设施、工作人员态度影响了观众观看比赛的兴趣。     

计划行为理论在球场观众暴力中的应用研究

文章运用文献资料研究法,通过分析研究得出,行为意向和知觉行为控制直接影响球场观众暴力,行为态度、主体规范和知觉行为控制间接影响球场观众暴力。     

全国排球联赛看台文化研究

看台文化是指由竞技文化、观众文化、组织文化和看台建筑文化等构成的一系列复杂的、动态的社会文化现象。竞技文化和观众文化是看台文化的主体,是两个产生互动的组成部分,赛事组委会对看台文化建设起着主导作用,体育馆是看台文化的物质载体。其中竞技文化的核心是运动员的精神文化,现场观众的行为、态度需要加以培养和引导,赛事组委会的主导作用需要进一步规范和加强,而目前全国排球联赛各赛区体育馆均非为排球联赛专门建造,不能深入体现排球运动的文化内涵。建议,增强现场观众对排球规则知识的了解,组织者应精心设计看台饰物,安排丰富多彩的娱乐节目,看台建筑应体现“以人为本”,从审美和功能两方面来满足观众的需要。     

怎样对待观众的消极影响

体育观众是运动比赛环境的重要组成部份。而在一场紧张激烈的比赛中,观众往往会对某一方运动员热烈鼓掌,频频喝彩,而对另一方运动员则持完全相反的态度,表现出明显的倾向性。     

竞技体育职业化进程中的伦理困境及其善化路径

针对竞技体育职业化进程中暴露出的对人的健康、全面发展的阻碍,对体育活动本真意义的扭曲以及对区域性资源分配正义的冲击等一系列伦理冲突,以辩证的态度对之加以全面审视。研究认为,推动竞技体育职业化健康发展既要努力提升体育竞技水平,完善组织规章制度、提升体育观赏价值,积极弘扬体育中所倡导的团结友善、公正和平、坚毅勇敢等优良品质。同时也要不断扩大体育文化在公众当中的影响力,树立观众理性的观赛态度,并借此来扩大体育职业化的影响力,营造一个健康向上的体育文化市场。     

幕边的风景——记中国武汉国际杂技艺术节舞台总监曾庆林

2010年I0月29日,由武汉市人民政府和文化部夕外联局、艺术司,中央电视台,中国杂技家协会,中国对外文化集团等联办的第九届中国武汉光谷国际杂技艺术节在武汉杂技厅隆重开幕。当表演开始时,观众看到在圆形演出赛场的幕边,有一位神情温和、态度专注、服饰整洁的老者站立在那里,关注着舞台中央演员的表演,关注着看台上观众的反应。当一个节目表演结束后,演员退场之时,这位老者便会在观众的掌声中露出亲切的笑容,招呼演员返场向观众致意,这时,观众的掌声会更热烈。如此往复,使得演出现场多次出现高潮。观众把掌声献给演员,同时也献给赛场幕边的这位老者;观众感谢演员的精湛表演,同时也感谢幕边这位老者代表观众对演员的挽留。幕边的这位老者,就是第九届中国武汉光谷国际杂技艺术节舞台总监、武汉杂技团原副团长曾庆林。     

基于买方价值的CBA联赛营销定向策略的选择

运用营销定向的组织注重了解消费者的需要价值特征.为了了解消费者的喜好,为CBA联赛的健康发展提供依据,文章通过问卷调查法和访谈法,对CBA现场观众的消费心理进行了分析.影响观众到现场观看比赛的因素主要有:主观因素;产品质量;对主队的态度和产品价格.对篮球运动的热爱、关心主队及消遣娱乐、欣赏高水平竞技是篮球观众的主要动机.产品质量表现为比赛吸引力,是由消费者对比赛的预期决定的.球迷对球队的高度忠诚有利于消费行为的稳定.门票价格变动对于不同消费动机人群所起的作用不同.     

40 mm 乒乓球对比赛状态的影响

运用调研法对参加１９９８年中国苏州国际乒联大球比赛的运动员、国际乒联执委会委员和部分观众进行调查。调查内容包括：球的速度、旋转、回合数、对大球的态度以及乒乓球改革的看法。文章对调查结果进行了讨论。     

国外职业联赛观众服务质量构成维度研究综述

在大量梳理国外职业联赛赛事服务质量的有关研究文献发现,国外职业联赛观众服务质量主要由场馆环境质量、过程质量和结果质量三方面构成。场馆环境质量包括馆内因素和馆外因素。过程质量由俱乐部的员工态度与行为,观众之间的相互影响,以及各类辅助物品质量构成。结果质量不仅包括赛中球队表现及比赛的竞争平衡性,还包括赛前对球队质量的感知及赛后比赛结果的感知。场馆环境质量、过程质量和结果质量三者之间相互依存,从整体上共同对观众产生交互影响。国外丰富的研究成果为我国职业联赛提高服务质量提供了有意义的借鉴与参考。     

球场观众助威行为的理论研究

采用文献资料法和逻辑分析法对球场观众助威行为进行探讨.研究发现球场观众助威行为具有倾向性、项目差异性和互动性等特点.分别从球场观众助威行为方式、球场观众助威行为意图和球场观众助威行为文明程度来进行一维分类.然后,结合球场观众助威行为方式、意图和文明程度,又对球场观众助威行为进行了三维分类.最后,从球场观众助威行为与赛场情境之间的关系,阐述了球场观众与球场人员之间的互动以及球场观众之间的互动过程,并初步建构了球场观众助威行为的互动理论模型.     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。