一种全球的现象:面向低收入家庭的私立学校--对教育产业的启示

詹姆斯·托雷教授在印度和非洲的调查发现:面向低收入家庭的私立学校在不断增长;原因主要是由于公立学校教育质量上难尽如人意,家长宁愿花钱也要把子女送到私立学校,所以促进了收费低廉的私立学校的发展.     

美国公立和私立中小学的竞争

近一段时间,美国越来越多的父母喜欢把子女送到私立中小学读书,就连那些低收入家庭的父母,现在也开始怀疑公立学校是否能够为自己的子女提供良好的教育。于是,到底是为子女选择临近社区、费用低廉但拥挤的公立学校就读,还是去学费高昂、但声誉卓著的私立学校上学,成为很多家长在为孩子选择学校时权衡再三的难题。     

城市低收入家庭学前教育投资现状及其政策补偿建议

关注低收入家庭儿童的受教育问题是实现教育公平的必要途径,也是促进社会公平的有力举措.目前,城市低收入家庭对子女的学前教育投资受低收入水平、日益攀高的教育成本的双重制约,在提高教育投资能力上步履维艰.为实现教育起点的公平,国家应当承担起学前教育成本分担与补偿的主体责任,通过加大学前教育经费比重、建立合理的价格监督机制、教育投资向低收入群体倾斜等方式,逐步建立政府、家庭、社会共同负担学前教育成本的机制,切实减轻低收入家庭的教育负担.     

私立教育能够使穷人受益吗

私立教育对穷人是可行的,私立学校大部分是面向穷人的,能够为穷人提供优于公立学校服务的。赢利动机是教育开办商创建第一所学校的重要促动因素。私立学校的利润目前不可能过高,如果利润过高,市场的矫正机制将会抑制这种情况。赢利动机能够潜在地使学校和学校服务的对象受益。     

瑞典：加强学生纪律教育提升教师课堂威信

近一段时间，美国越来越多的父母喜欢把子女送到私立中小学读书，就连那些低收入家庭的父母，现在也开始怀疑公立学校是否能够为自己的子女提供良好的教育。于是，到底是为子女选择临近社区、费用低廉但拥挤的公立学校就读，还是去学费高昂、但声誉卓著的私立学校上学，成为很多家长在为孩子选择学校时权衡再三的难题。     

美国私立中小学教育情况介绍

我是一个在美国长大的中国学生,现在纽约市一所独立学校读11年级。2005年冬天,我随父母回上海探亲。我父亲的朋友向我提起中国的私立学校,这个话题引起了我的兴趣。我知道中国的公立学校教育质量很高,但中国的私立学校和公立学校有什么不     

澳门的私立学校及其管理

澳门的教育机构分为公立和私立两类。公立教育机构是指由澳门政府投资建设，并纳入澳门政府正规管理范畴的学校，公立学校的教师有一定的任职资格，属于澳门公务员乏列，其学生享受免费教育。而私立教育机构是指由宗教社团、私营机构或公民私人筹办和经营的正规教育机构，也就是说私立学校就是非官方主办的教育机构。     

美国公私立学校比较概略

众所周知,美国现代教育由公立学校和私立学校组成。近一个世纪以来,学校教育改革运动的事实证明,美国私立学校的办学质量要优于公立学校。90年代伊始,美国开始实施包括私立学校在内的教育凭证计划。许多学校教育凭证运动支持者认为,私立学校系统与公立学校系统相比较,具有两个方面突出的优越性:一方面,学术成就上学生表现卓越;另一方面,学校教育资源利用更为有效。因此,一些人建议,学校凭证应用于提高所有学校的教育质量,提高所有学校的学术成就,无论是公立学校还是私立学校,应引入竞争机制。但是,人们对于公立学校与私立学校经常进行错误的…     

芬兰私立教育的发展趋势及其启示

芬兰私立教育占比较低,且公共性突出,公立学校和私立学校培养质量相当。近二十年来,芬兰政府出于缓解公共财政压力的需求,通过学校私有化降低教育成本、提升效率,使得私立教育规模呈现出增长的态势,为民众提供多样化的教育选择。芬兰私立教育的占比规模与我国大体相当,强调公共性等特征对我国有积极的启示意义。我国需要进一步强化私立教育的公益属性,明确私立学校作为补充型学校的定位,有序调整私立教育的规模,进行更有针对性的灵活帮扶,促进私立教育与公立教育的差异化协调发展。     

印度私立中小学的政府管制、存在的问题与启示

印度私立教育近年来获得了快速发展,与此同时政府对私立中小学在价格、进入和退出、投资、质量、劳工问题、补贴等方面采取严厉的管制政策,但这种管制政策也带来了一些问题,印度出现大量未获认可的"非法"私立中小学;接受政府资助的私立学校与公立学校出现趋同;管制过程中政府官员寻租现象严重。印度对私立中小学的管制说明,政府干预和市场的有效结合是私立教育健康发展的条件。     

Private secondary schools in Indonesia: What is driving the demand?

Despite recent evidence that students in public schools significantly outperform their private school counterparts, private schooling continues to account for approximately 40% of secondary school enrolments in Indonesia. In an effort to explain this sustained demand, we combine analyses of PISA data with in-country interviews and school visits. Ultimately, we find that although government dependent private schools are underfunded with a high proportion of uncertified, underpaid teachers (with limited access to training and professional development), demand remains high due to their focus on religious training and education, as well as their ability to increase educational access for low-income families.     

Private schooling for low-income families: A census and comparative survey in East Delhi,India

A census and survey of schools in the slums of East Delhi, India, explored the nature and extent of private education serving low-income families, and compared inputs to public and private schooling. Around two-thirds of all schools were private unaided, with more unrecognised private than government schools. Teaching activity was found to be considerably higher in private unaided than government schools, although teacher absenteeism was lowest in government schools. Most inputs showed either comparable levels of provision in government and private unaided schools, or superiority in private unaided schools. Possible implications are explored, concerning targeted vouchers, increased regulation and self-regulation.     

Low cost private schools for the poor: What public policy is appropriate?

Recent attention has focused on the existence of non-government schools that cater to children from low-income families. These schools can now be found in the majority of developing countries, many of which have a prescribed public policy to provide free public education. This raises the question, why would a low-income family choose to send a child to a fee-paying school if a place in a free school were available? This paper will report on case studies of low-fee schools in Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, Indonesia and Pakistan and will assess the reasons for their increased demand. In the past, some have argued that development assistance agencies should limit assistance to public school sector. Others have argued that the public sector is inadequate and in many ways has failed in its ambitions to provide a minimum quality for every child.This paper will consider what public policy should be toward low-cost private schools, including the policy of development assistance agencies which seek to assist low and middle income countries as well as the appropriate public policy for national and local governments. The paper will conclude with several recommendations. One recommendation is that although children from low-income families attend non-government schools, they continue to be citizens; hence they should not be excluded from poverty assistance strategies. A second recommendation is to expand government statistical functions so that non-government schools are regularly included in the calculations of enrollment rates. Lastly, the paper does not recommend voucher or other program of publically financed school choice on the grounds that the public sector should remain the main conduit for public schooling. It does, however, raise questions as to the limits of the public sector in delivering high quality schooling and whether these limits should be more candidly acknowledged.     

Equalising schooling,unequalising private supplementary tutoring: access and tracking through shadow education in China

The global expansion of mass schooling has greatly increased opportunities for low-income families, and governments have devoted much effort to equalising access and quality in education systems. Alongside regular schooling, the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring has grown rapidly across the world. The fact that rich families can purchase more and better quality shadow education undermines the achievements of increased equality of opportunities in formal schooling. Drawing on a mixed-methods study in Shanghai, China, the article shows how shadow education has offset school equalisation policies through differentiation of access and through sorting mechanisms. Shadow education occupies a space beyond strict government control in which privileged families and elite schools ignore and mediate the equalisation policies, seeking competitive advantages. Uneven access to shadow education and tracking within it shape, maintain, and exacerbate inequitable schooling experiences at individual and institutional levels.     

An inspector calls: the regulation of ‘budget’ private schools in Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh,India

Research explored the regulatory regime, both ‘on paper’ and ‘in practice’, for private unaided schools serving low-income families (‘budget’ private schools), in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Interviews were conducted with school managers, teachers, parents, and senior government officials and politicians. A Supreme Court Judgement rules out profit-making in the schools, although, in practice, interviewees said this was widely ignored. At the state level, extensive regulations govern all aspects of a school's work. In practice, government officials reported, however, that only four regulations need to be met, but none of the recognised schools met more than two of these. In practice, there may be too few inspectors and a culture of bribery and corruption. A possible way forward is described, of private self-regulation, based on findings concerning parental accountability.     

The relative quality and cost-effectiveness of private and public schools for low-income families: a case study in a developing country

The “mushrooming” of private schools for low-income families has been widely noted in the literature; however, very little is known about the quality of these schools. This research explored the relative quality of private unaided (recognised and unrecognised) and government schools in low-income areas of Hyderabad, India. A preliminary census to locate unrecognised private schools – not on official lists – was conducted. Data were collected on achievement and background variables for 3,910 pupils from a stratified random sample of schools. Using multilevel modelling shows that pupils in private unrecognised and recognised schools, when controlled for age, pupil's IQ, and class average IQ, achieve higher scores in mathematics and English than equivalent pupils in government schools. There is no significant difference between private and government schools in pupil achievement in Urdu. The achievement advantage for private schools did not arise because of greater resources available, at least in terms of per pupil teacher salaries.     

Educational choice and achievement: The case of secondary schools in the Arab Republic of Egypt

Before 1952 university education in Egypt was generally for the wealthier classes because the universities charged fees and only the richer families could pay those fees. For less wealthy families payment was more difficult, not only because of the direct cost of higher education, but also because of the high opportunity cost of sending children to study. After the 1952 revolution the Egyptian government introduced free education at all levels and encouraged those who wanted to further their education to enter universities. Thus elitism was eradicated from Egyptian higher education. This paper uses data from a sample of Egyptian university students and analyses the determinants of secondary school choice and the factors likely to affect secondary school certificate marks. In particular we are interested in the effect of family background, represented here by father's occupation.The results suggest that individuals with fathers in higher occupational categories tend to go to private schools rather than public schools. They also tend to choose general schools rather than technical or Koranic schools. In turn, high social background as well as attendance at a private school, have a positive and significant effect on examination marks. These findings are alarming because Egypt has a rate of increase in population of over 2% and the supply of university places will therefore have to be rationed. The most likely screening factor would be examination results and as a consequence Egyptian universities may in the future become elitist once more.     

The effect of the Free High School Tuition law on upper-secondary school choice in Japan

The aim of this study was to analyse the determining factors behind parents’ and students’ decisions when choosing upper-secondary schools in Japan and how these factors were affected by the implementation of the new “Free High School Tuition” law introduced in 2010. Public and private upper-secondary schools can be either vocational or academic. This school choice was analysed using the characteristics of families and schools included in the PISA 2009 and 2012 questionnaires in a multinomial logit model. The most influential family characteristics in the upper secondary school choice in Japan are related to the family budget, parental education, class, and status. Moreover, the results show that the implementation of the new law affected families’ school choice. Nevertheless, the law did not have the same equalising effect on families with more than one child and low-budget families in areas with a limited offer of private schools.     

Do low-cost private school leavers in the informal settlement have a good chance of admission to a government secondary school? A study from Kibera in Kenya

There are growing numbers of low-cost private schools in urban informal settlements in developing countries. It has been argued that these institutions may constitute alternatives for government schools, as they are able to meet the educational needs of children in urban informal settlements. This study explores the question of whether low-cost private schools can meet their needs, not only in terms of primary education but also with regard to access to further education. The study selected 12 private schools in Kibera and 2 government schools neighbouring Kibera, asking head teachers which secondary school each primary school leaver had joined. The findings show that whereas over two-thirds of primary school leavers in general went on to secondary school, pupils graduating from government primary school were more likely to be enrolled in government secondary school than those pupils who completed the low-cost private primary school in Kibera. Moreover, performance in national examinations was lowest among girls attending the school in Kibera. The study thus argues that while the low-cost private primary school can meet the educational needs of children in the informal settlement to some extent, it cannot represent an alternative to the government primary school.     

我国家庭学前教育成本分担研究

论文对《中国教育经费统计年鉴》中家庭分担学前教育成本的数据做了整理与分析。研究发现,家庭是分担学前教育成本的最大主体,承受着超负荷的经济压力。由于城乡差异和＂公办园偏向＂的投入差异,家庭承受的成本分担压力并不相同。依据家庭承受的经济压力,可以将其划分为＂双重减压的家庭＂、＂单一压力的家庭＂、＂双重加压的家庭＂三种类型。为减轻家庭尤其是＂双重加压的家庭＂的成本分担压力,提出了三点建议：一是转移成本分担重担,实现家庭分担合理化;二是财政性投入有所倾斜,重点扶持低收入家庭;三是均衡配置教育资源,严格规范民办园市场。