面颈部皮肤黑素细胞的分布及超微结构观察

对正常人面颈部皮肤表皮中黑素细胞的数量、形态、超微结构进行观察分析并与躯干部位相对照，发现面颈部尤其是额部和鼻背部表皮黑素细胞较多（ｘ±Ｓ：２２３８±１５５．８），染色深，细胞突起短而细，胞浆内含黑素体较多；躯干部位表皮黑素细胞数量较少（ｘ±Ｓ：８６８．９±９８．７）染色淡，细胞突起较长，常相互连成网状，胞浆内黑素体也较少。此外，黑素细胞的数量在不同个体也存在较大的差异。造成黑素细胞数量的部位差异，可能由于面颈部受紫外线照射程度较躯干为强，使黑素细胞的增殖或活性的黑素细胞及黑素体的合成增加。     

小儿骶管下段形态及应用解剖的研究

应用135具出生后至7岁的小儿尸体,按身长分为三组。其中,75,5厘米以下为0～12个月,76例;95.1厘米以下为1～3岁,36例;116.2厘米以下为3～7岁,23例。对硬膜囊末端以下部位的骶管进行观察和测量。发现骶管弯度随年龄增加而变大.在骶管裂孔中央处,其长轴与皮肤之间的夹角分别为19.9°±2.53°,24.2°±3.29°、27.4°±3.40°.硬膜囊以下部位骶管长度分别为1.51±0.37厘米、2.10±0.22厘米、3.74±0.45厘米.髂嵴连线并骶角的垂直距离分别为3.83±0.91厘米、5.95±0.64厘米,7.32±0.96厘米.骶角至尾骨类的距离分别为1.85±0.40厘米、2.72±0.37厘米、3.71±0.57厘米.以上各数据在组间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。硬膜囊末端平面的骶管管径和骶管下口的口径均以矢状较横径狭小.     

家兔二尖瓣的形态观测

用放大镜和图象分析法对32例离体新鲜正常家兔心脏的二尖瓣及其连合作了形态学观测．结果表明：二尖瓣总面积为81．69±22．28mm2，背、腹瓣面积分别为47．12±8.07mm2、47.60±8.71mm2．二尖瓣从基部到游离缘其厚度不同．二尖瓣的连合通常以右连合高于左连合为多见．     

口外翼下颌阻滞麻醉的应用解剖学研究

在40侧头预部正中矢状切开标本和60侧下颌骨标本上,按口外翼下颌阻滞麻醉的设计要求,解剖观察了下牙槽神经、舌神经在翼下颌间隙的位置。测量了从下颌管下缘点和下颌角行口外翼下颌阻滞麻醉时的进针深度和角度。测得从下颌骨下缘点的进针深度为37mm;下颌角点的深度为30mm,穿刺针与下颌支后缘之间的角度为31°。对采用该法行口外阻滞麻醉的解剖学要点,优缺点进行了讨论。     

前交叉韧带重建术中骨隧道定位的应用解剖

目的:为关节镜下自体髌腱中1/3重建前交叉韧带术中的骨隧道定位提供解剖学依据。方法:在18例膝关节标本上,标出前交叉韧带的附着点、重建点的位置,测量重建点的距离。结果:胫骨隧道重建点位于胫骨髁间棘前内侧缘前交叉韧带后方7mm处,股骨隧道重建点位于髁间窝外侧壁从前到后7mm,右膝为11点,左膝为1点处。关节内前交叉韧带移植重建长度为22.5±0.9mm。结论:前交叉韧带重建术中选择合适的重建点,获取标准的股骨、胫骨隧道对术后关节功能的恢复和稳定具有重要的临床意义。     

再谈公式P=ρgh中的h

在应用公式P＝ρgh计算液体内部压强时，由于g为常数，这样压强的大小就只和液体密度P和深度h有关．对于同一种液体，密度产不变，这时正确理解液体深度h就是进行正确计算的关键．怎样确定液体深度h呢？一、如果是计算液体内部某点（处）的压强，则h是从液体表面到要求计算任强的那一点（处）的竖直距离．如图1，计算容器内部B点的压强，深度应为山，而不是h。；如图2，计算容器内部A点的压强，深度应为此；B点的任强，深度应为儿．如图3，若求容器底部A点的压强，深度应为h，而不等于L，L是液柱的长．二、如果是计算整个容器壁所受液体…     

三角函数的定义和性质及其应用

一、知识要点1．三角函数的定义．2．特殊角的三角函数值．3．三角函数之间的关系：同角三角函数之间的关系，巨余两角的三角函数之间的关系，互补两角的三角函数之间的关系．4．0°到180°角的三角函数的符号．5．三角函数值的变化规律．二、解题指导例1已知角。的终边经过点（－8，6），求角。的四个三角函数值及tg（180°－α）的值．例2已知角α的终边经过点P（m，4），且求m的值．．．．a为纯角，舍去m—3，取m—一3．说明角a终边上任一点的横坐标x，纵坐标y，该点到原点的距离r和a的三角函数值四个县中，若已知其中任意两个县，应用…     

数学公式“歌诀记忆法”举例

数学公式“歌诀记忆法”举例１．完全平方公式：（ａ±ｂ）２＝ａ２±２ａｂ＋ｂ２．歌诀：“首平方，尾平方，首尾２倍在中央，符号一样不一样。”２．完全立方公式：（ａ±ｂ）３＝ａ３±３ａ２ｂ＋３ａｂ２±ｂ３．歌诀：“首立方，尾立方，正负３ａ方ｂ上，再加３ａｂ...     

丹贝大豆甙元薄层层析测定

本文研究了丹贝中主要生物活性物质大豆甙元含量的薄层层析测定方法。最佳展开剂为甲醇：氯仿（１１：８９），大豆甙元的Ｒｆ值为０．６４．薄层层析扫描参数λＲ为２５０ｎｍ，λｓ＝３６０ｎｍ。大豆甙元在薄层板上１２ｈ内稳定，在０～０．３９３７ｍＭｏｌ／Ｌ范围符合比尔定律，回收率９８～１０２％、丹贝中大豆甙元含量为３７２．０×１０（－６）±１７．８×１０（－６）。     

《数的开方》测试题(二)

一、判断题（每小题２分，共１０分）１．带根号的数都是无理数．（）２．无理数都是无限小数（）３．如果ａ与ｂ的算术平方根相等，那么一定有ａ＝ｂ（）４．（－６）２的平方根是±６．（）５．－６４的算术平方根是８（）二、填空题（每小题３分，共３０分）１．与数轴上每个点成一一对应的数是＿．２的算术平方根是３．的平方根．４．求值：５．在…各数中，属于无理数的有．６如果的平方根是±３，那么ａ＝７．查表得，则可求得０．０１３５的平方根是８．已知，则ａ：ｂ＝．９．若取，则．１０．实数ｘ、ｙ满足，则ｘ＋ｙ的值是。三、…     

Effect of nebulized nitroglycerin on children with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension

In order to find a safe, simple, effective and selective pulmonary vasodilator, we tested the effectiveness and safety of inhalation of nebulized nitroglycerin (Neb-NTG) by children with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension (VSD-PH). Twenty μg/kg Neb-NTG was inhaled by seven children with VSD-PH using face mask during cardiac catheterization. The pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration were measured before and after inhalation of Neb-NTG. After inhalation of Neb-NTG, the PAP and pulmonary-to-systemic pressure ratio (Pp/Ps) decreased significantly; There was no significant decrease in SAP. The systolic and diastolic PAP decreased respectively 13±4% and 9±7% in 5 min, 21±3% and 13±17% in 10 min, 24±3% and 16±19% in 15 min. The Pp/Ps decreased 12±4% in 5 min, 21±9% in 10 min and 24±6% in 15 min. There was no significant increase in the MetHb level after inhalation of 20 μg/kg of Neb-NTG. The MetHb level was below 1.5%. Neb-NTG is a safe, simple, effective and selective pulmonary vasodilator.     

三维重建法测量中国北方成人股骨膝外翻角(英文)

研究目的:利用三维重建影像模型获取膝外翻角,并通过使用这种方法来测量中国北方成人膝外翻角的平均估计值。创新要点:本研究所获取的膝外翻角平均值对于在中国北方人群进行膝关节置换术时有着重要的参考意义,新的三维重建测量法使得膝外翻角的术前个体化测量更加精确。研究方法:利用64名患者的CT血管造影(CTA)的DICOM数据获取共128件股骨三维重建模型。在重建的股骨模型上分别定位髁间凹最高点(点A)、膝关节线上20 cm截面的髓腔中点(点B)和股骨头旋转中心(点C)。之后膝关节外翻角即由股骨远端解剖轴(线AB)与股骨机械轴(线AC)所围成(上述定位过程详见图5)。经统计分析后,128件股骨的平均外翻角值为6.20°±1.20°。统计分析还发现,膝外翻角与个体年龄呈显著性正相关,同一个体的左右侧外翻角呈显著性正相关。重要结论:在对北方成年人群进行膝关节置换术时,选取外翻角为6°可会在重建人体下肢力线上获得更好的术后效果。在对年长患者进行手术时应选用更大的外翻角。     

Nutrient composition, mineral content and the solubility of the proteins of palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis f. （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Adult (ADS) and larva stages of palm weevil Rhynchophorus phoenicis were analyzed for their nutritional potentials using proximate and mineral contents as indices. The early larva stage (ELS) contains the highest moisture content of 11.94% while ADS has the least value of 4.79%. The late larva stage (LLS) has the highest protein content of 10.51% while ADS contains 8.43%. Ash content is highest in ELS with a value of 2.37% and lowest in ADS with a value of 1.43%. ELS and LLS have the highest (22.14%) and lowest (17.22%) fibre contents respectively. The values of potassium, magnesium and iron in ELS were (455.00±21.21), (60.69±2.57) and (6.50±3.40) mg/kg while LLS recorded (457.50±10.61), (43.52±1.37) and (6.00±1.10) mg/kg and ADS recorded (372.50±24.75), (53.31±1.88) and (22.90±3.70) mg/kg. Chromium, phosphorus, nickel, calcium, lead, man- ganese and zinc were also detected. Copper was not detected in any of the samples. In all the developmental stages the protein solubilities were pH dependent with the minimum protein solubilities occurring at acidic pH while the maximum protein solu- bilities occurred at alkaline pH.     

Improved medical student perception of ultrasound using a paired anatomy teaching assistant and clinician teaching model

This study describes a new teaching model for ultrasound (US) training, and evaluates its effect on medical student attitudes toward US. First year medical students participated in hands‐on US during human gross anatomy (2014 N = 183; 2015 N = 182). The sessions were facilitated by clinicians alone in 2014, and by anatomy teaching assistant (TA)‐clinician pairs in 2015. Both cohorts completed course evaluations which included five US‐related items on a four‐point scale; cohort responses were compared using Mann‐Whitney U tests with significance threshold set at 0.05. The 2015 survey also evaluated the TAs (three items, five‐point scale). With the adoption of the TA‐clinician teaching model, student ratings increased significantly for four out of five US‐items: “US advanced my ability to learn anatomy” increased from 2.91 ± 0.77 to 3.35 ± 0.68 (P < 0.0001), “Incorporating US increased my interest in anatomy” from 3.05 ± 0.84 to 3.50 ± 0.71 (P < 0.0001), “US is relevant to my current educational needs” from 3.36 ± 0.63 to 3.54 ± 0.53 (P = 0.015), and “US training should start in Phase I” from 3.36 ± 0.71 to 3.56 ± 0.59 (P = 0.010). Moreover, more than 84% of students reported that TAs enhanced their understanding of anatomy (mean 4.18 ± 0.86), were a valuable part of US training (mean 4.23 ± 0.89), and deemed the TAs proficient in US (mean 4.24 ± 0.86). By using an anatomy TA‐clinician teaching team, this study demonstrated significant improvements in student perceptions of the impact of US on anatomy education and the relevancy of US training to the early stages of medical education. Anat Sci Educ 11: 175–184. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.     

正态分布点集的凸包加速算法及加速因子分析

研究了怎样对于服从正态分布的平面点集进行的凸包算法加速,理论上计算了最适合的加速因子,同时通过相应的加速因子得到正态点集分布的凸包算法最优复杂度O(n)。     

Postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol is associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore

Background: Sevoflurane and propofol are effective cardioprotective anaesthetic agents, though the cardioprotection of propofol has not been shown in humans. Their roles and underlying mechanisms in anesthetic postconditioning are unclear.Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening is a major cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here we investigated sevoflurane- and propofol-induced postconditioning and their relationship with MPTP. Methods: Isolated perfused rat hearts were exposed to 40 min of ischemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion. During the first 15 min of reperfusion, hearts were treated with either control buffer (CTRL group) or buffer containing 20 μmol/L atractyloside (ATR group), 3% (v/v) sevoflurane (SPC group),50 μmol/L propofol (PPC group), or the combination of atractyloside with respective anesthetics (SPC ATR and PPC ATR groups). Infarct size was determined by dividing the total necrotic area of the left ventricle by the total left ventricular slice area (percent necrotic area). Results: Hearts treated with sevoflurane or propofol showed significantly better recovery of coronary flow,end-diastolic pressures, left ventricular developed pressure and derivatives compared with controls. Sevoflurane resulted in more protective alteration of hemodynamics at most time point of reperfusion than propofol. These improvements were paralleled with the reduction of lactate dehydrogenase release and the decrease of infarct size (SPC vs CTRL: (17.48±2.70)% vs (48.47±6.03)%,P＜0.05; PPC vs CTRL: (35.60±2.10)% vs (48.47±6.03)%, P＜0.05). SPC group had less infarct size than PPC group (SPC vs PPC:(17.48±2.70)% vs (35.60±2.10)%, P＜0.05). Atractyloside coadministration attenuated or completely blocked the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol. Conclusion: Postconditioning of sevoflurane and propofol has cardioprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart, which is associated with inhibition of MPTP opening. Compared to propofol, sevoflurane provides superior protection of functional recovery and infarct size.     

Evaluation of orthotopic liver transplantation with no veno-venous bypass

Objective: To assess the feasibility and outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with no veno-venous bypass(v-v bypass) in adult patients. Methods: Between 1999 and 2001, 43 adult patients underwent OLT with v-v bypass, 33 with no v-v bypass. The operation time, anhepatic time, amount of blood loss, amount of blood transfusion, ICU stay days of the two groups were compared; renal function and gastrointestinal function in the two groups were examined. Results: There was no significant difference in mean serum creatinine on day 3 and gas discharge time in patients with v-v bypass or not. With no v-v bypass, the average operation time was 5.7±1.3 hours, anhepatic time was 64±13 minutes, median amount of blood loss in operation was 4000±820 mL, median amount of blood transfused intraoperatively was 4650±910 mL, median ICU stay was 5.7 days; all those were lower or shorter than those with v-v bypass; and these differences between the two groups had statistical significances. Conclusion: OLT with no v-v bypass is safe and can be performed in the majority of adult patients. The practice of liver transplantation with no v-v bypass is associated with shorter total operation time, shorter anhepatic time, lower blood product usage, and shorter ICU stay compared with standard technique of OLT with routine use of v-v bypass. Project supported by Zhejiang Provincial Health Bureau (No.2000/ZD003)     

基于图论的粗糙集模型研究及应用

从图论的角度,研究粗糙集模型及决策表相对正域和决策规则.方法：将关系和集合用图表示,通过求图的子图以及两图是否相交来求解集合上、下近似;通过求带权图的子图求取决策表相对正域,以及决策规则.基于图论的粗糙集模型更形象更直观.本文提供了一个研究粗糙集模型的新方法.     

摆动从动件盘形凸轮压力角的分析

通过对摆动从动件凸轮轮廓曲线的几何分析,运用微变算出曲线法线方向的斜率和摆杆运动方向的斜率后建立凸轮压力角的数学模型,用Excel准确计算出凸轮轮廓曲线上各点的压力角后运用图表分析不同运动规律下凸轮轮廓曲线上各点压力角的变化规律。     

Pre-Clinical Medical Students' Use of Motivational and Cognitive Study Strategies During Anatomy Learning: A Three-Year Cross-Sectional Survey

Medical students' motivation and study strategies are crucial in determining academic performance. This study aimed to assess the motivation and learning strategies of medical students as well as their association with performance in anatomy examinations. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, two focus group discussions, and students' current anatomy cumulative grade point average (cGPA) were used. Generally, the medical students strongly felt that anatomy is fundamental to the practice of medicine and surgery. This result was consistent with high task value scores of 5.99 ± 1.25. They were also driven by extrinsic goal orientation (5.59 ± 1.42) and intrinsic goal orientation (5.08 ± 1.26). Most medical students typically relied on elaboration (5.35 ± 1.25) ahead of other cognitive strategies namely rehearsal (5.30 ± 1.11), organization (5.15 ± 1.34), and lowest-rated critical thinking (4.77 ± 1.19). The students also relied on resource management strategies, effort regulation (5.15 ± 1.20) and time and study environment regulation (5.03 ± 1.03) more than the moderately scored peer learning (4.95 ± 1.50) and help-seeking (4.95 ± 1.09). In the focus group discussions, students reported that they often narrate or explain to each other what they would have read and understood from anatomy lectures, tutorials, and textbooks. They also bemoaned the lack of institutional support for stress burdens. The motivation and learning strategies subscales were not correlated with anatomy cGPA. Males were driven by extrinsic goals and experienced significantly higher levels of test anxiety than females (P < 0.05). Knowing the motivation and learning strategies students employ early in the medical curriculum can be leveraged to promote self-directed learning and academic achievement.