忍冬科的数值分类初试

 A numerical taxonomic study of Caprifoliaceae is presented. For the sake of ana- lyzing the resemblances between the 33 species or OUT’s selected at random from the total 13 genera of the family, a summation of 32 characters was employed in the numeri- cal analyses.  Raw data for each character were given equal weighting by condensa- tion in order to have adequate comparisons, and the characters were converted to 51 states, each with a new range of zero to one. Owing to the lack of sufficient data from other lines for numerical analyses, the characters used in this study were largely mor- phological.  The estimation of the coefficient resemblance between each pair or OUT’s was established using the association coefficient method.  The resulting values com- prise the 33×33 OUT’s basic similarity matrix.  The clustering technique used was unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA).      It can be stated that the scheme of phenetic relationships shown in the resultant dendrogram (Fig. 1) is on the whole in accord with the concepts hold by most current taxonomists, but with some noteworthy exceptions.  If the phenon line of tribal de- markation is drawn at the level of 0.6820, the OUT’s could be roughly divided into five groups or tribes.  The fact that the highest degree of correlation between Group I Sambuceae and Group II Viburneae on the one hand, and the great distance between them and the rest genera of the family on the other hand agrees well with the data obtained from morphological (Troll and Weberling,  1966),  anatomical  (Wilkinson, 1949, Metcalfe and Chalk, 1950), embryological (Moissl, 1941), sereological (Hillebrand and Fairbrother, 1970), and phytochemical (Bohm and  Glennie,  1971)  researches. These two tribes are most probably members of different phylogenetic origin. Trioste- um and Symphoricarpos both show their affinities  with  Leycesteria  of  Group  V Lonicereae instead of Group III Linnaeea  or Group II Viburneae as suggested by some taxonomists, and thus supports the opinion of Troll and Weberling (1966), who suggested that these two genera are members of the tribe Lonicereae.  The location of the phylogenetically uncertain genus Heptacodium in the dendrogram shows its close morphological similarity to the tribe Linnaeeae.       Because of the relatively small number of characters considered in this work, and “taxonomic judgement” was used in selecting these characters which appeared to be most “basic” to the classification of genera in the family, as well as the limitation of numerical taxonomy in itself, the resultant scheme of tribal relationships presented in this paper is by no means phylogenetic, but one that provides an excellent checkon ordinary taxonomic procedures.     

中国素馨属的数值分类

 A numerical taxonomic study of Chinese jasminum is presented. The 57 OTUS includemost taxa of the genus in China. Sixty eight characters, of which 30 were quantitative and 38 were qualitative, were used in the numerical analysis. The methods used here are cluster analysis and principle component analysiis (PCA). In cluster analysis, product-moment correlations secured from standardized data were clustered by the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average linkage (UPGMA). From the evidence presented the genus is divided into two sections which correspond to the two groups proposed by Taylor in 1945, rather than the four sections established by De Canolle (1844). By techniques of numerical taxonomy, some doubted taxa such as J. humile L., J. girddii Diels, J. ligustrioides Chia, J. hemsleyi Yamamoto J. cinnamomifolium var. axillare Kob.  … are re-examined and the treatment of these taxa are further discussed.     

裂瓜属的研究

The classical and numerical taxonomy, palynology and the geographical dis- tribution of the Genus Schizopepon are dealt with in the present paper.  Having comme- nted on various opinions regarding the systematic position of the genus, the present au- thors consider that C. Jeffrey’s treatment of Schizopepon as a new and monogeneric tri- be, Schizopeponeae, should be supported.      The gross morphological characters in the genus are assessed from the taxonomic point of view.  Some characters, such as stamens with an elongated connective or not, different insertions of ovules and various forms of ovaries and fruits, may be used for distinguishing subgenera.      The pollen grains of all the species were observed under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).  The results show that a strong differentiation has taken place in the pollen of the genus, and in consequence it may be regarded as an important basis for dividing subgenera and species. Especially it should be pointed out that degrees of development of colpi and positions of ora are positively correlated with the external characters used for distinguishing subgenera.      According to the morphological and palynological characters, the genus Schizopepon may be divided into three subgenera and eight species: 1. Subgenus Schizopepon: 5 spe- cies, S. bryoniaefolius Maxim., S. monoicus A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang, S. dioicus Cogn., S. longipes Gagnep. and S. macranthus Hand.-Mazz.; 2. Subgenus Rhynchocarpos A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 1 species, S. bomiensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang; 3. Subgenus Neoschi- zopepon A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang: 2 species, S. bicirrhosus (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey and S. xizangensis A. M. Lu et Z. Y. Zhang.      The 8 OTU’s including all the species of this genus and 31 characters, of which 16 are morphological characters and 15 palynological characters, were used in the numerical taxonomic treatment.  After standardization of characters, the correlation and distance matrices were computed.  The correlation matrices are made to test the various clustering methods.  At last, the UPGMA clustering method was selected and its result is shown in the form of phenogram.  The result of numerical analysis is similar to that of the classical classification.      Schizopepon Maxim. is a genus of East Asia-Himalayan distribution. China has all 8 species and 2 varieties, of which 6 species are endemic. Based on the statistics of spedies number, the distribution centre of the genus is considered to be in the Hengduan Mountains (Yangtze-Mekong-Salwin water divides) and the adjacent areas of the southwest China.     

芒苞草亚科——石蒜科的一新亚科

 Acanthochlamydoideae, a new subfamily of Amaryllidaceae, is proposed in the pre- sent paper, based upon the monotypic genus Acanthochlamys which was detected by the writer in 1979 and named Didymocolpus as a new genus but was preceded by P. C. Kao in 1980 under the former name.  The genus is indeed of great morphological in- terest. It has semicylindric leaves with a deep furrow on the ventral and dorsal sides respectively.  The lower part of the leaf is connate with, or adnate to, the lower mid- rib of a rather large and membranous vagina . Such a feature, as far as we know, is very rare in the monocotyledons.      The flower resembles that of Amaryllidaceae in having inferior ovary, six stamens and corolla-like perianth with a rather long tube.  But it is quite different in other characters, such as head-like cyme, leaf-like bracts and bisulcate leaves, which all are foreign to any taxon known in the Amaryllidaceae.  On the other hand, it bears some resemblance particularly in habit and inflorescence  to  Campynemanthe  of  the Hy- poxidaceae, and also to Borya and Bartlingia of the Liliaceae (in the tribe John- sonieae), but differs in its long perianth-tube and curious leaf structure.  It is highly probable that the resemblance between them is only superficial and not indicative of direct or close relationship.      This is no doubt a very curious plant of which we still know incompletely, and for which an appropriate place in the monocotyledons has not yet been found.  Con- sidering its floral characters, however, it seems safe for the present to place it as a separate subfamily in the Amaryllidaceae and is juxtaposed with the Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae, the only two subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae according to H. Mel- chior (1964), and, of course, to either of them it is not directly related. Its true affinity remains problematic.      The only species, Acanthochlamys bracteata, is found in Mar-er-kan (102°12'N, 31°47'E), Qian-ning (101°30'N, 30°33'E), Xiang-cheng  (99°39'N, 28°54'E)  and Dau cheng (100°10'N, 29°03'E) in western Sichuan of southwest China, in open bushland or grassland at an altitude between 2700—3500 meters.  Its geographical distribution is mapped and its morphological details are illustrated to facilitate its identification.       

中国红豆属的研究(续)

The first classification for the genus Ormosia was proposed by Bentham. It was followed by Taubert (1892) in Engler and Prantl’s Nat. Pflanzenf., who divided the genus into 2 sections.  On the basis of the pod structure and seed characters Prain (1900) arran- ged the genus in 2 sections with 4 subsections.  In the monograph on the genus Merrill and L. Chen ( 1943 ) limited their taxonomic study to Chinese and Indo-Chinese species, and recognized 34 species and 15 series.  Recently Yakovlev (1971-1976) has treated the ge- nus in 6 separate genera.      In the present paper the author recognizes 35 species, of which 7 species and 2 varie- ties are new.  The Chinese species of the genus are grouped into 3 sections and 6 series inmy classification.     

两种蕨类植物的新命名

 The fern genus Diplaziopsis C. Chr. of Index Filicum has long been considered as a monotypic one, with the sole species, D. javanica (B1.) C. Chr. from tropical Asia.  In 1906, H. Christ described a second species, Allantodia cavaleriana Christ (=D. cavale- riana C. Chr.) from Kweichow, West China, but this was since not fully recognized by fern students in general, being often considered as a variety of the first species.  This is certainly a mistake, as is shown by ample herbarium specimens today.  In the recent work on the genus, the writer has found among the herbarium material two additional new species from China, thus bringing the genus up to four species in Asia, mainly from China, where, as it is, the genus has its center of development from the long past.      Phylogenetically, Diplaziopsis C. Chr. represents one of the offshoots from the great stock of diplazioid ferns, of which the genus Diplazium Sw. constitutes the main body of the group and from which our genus differs chiefly in its leaves of a thin texture with reticulated venation, but not so much in its type of indusium as it has generally been emphasized by most botanists in the past, for, as it is, the type of indusium in Di- plaziopsis also prevails in many species of Diplazium, for which C. B. Clarke (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. I:495, 1880) created, but really superfluously, a subgenus Pseudal- lantodia, about which the writer will dwell in another paper in the near future.  Suffice it to say here that the indusium in Diplaziopsis as revealed by the species treated here is, indeed, typical of diplazioid ferns, only often, as it happens, with  its  adaxial  edge pressed so tight under the expanding sorus that it is unable to open freely along its upper free edge and, as a result, its thin vaulted back bursts open from the pressure of the ex- panding sorus underneath.      As a result of the present study, following four species of the genus have been re- cognized.      Diplaziopsis javanica (B1.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 227.      Wide spread in tropical Asia, northwardly to Bakbo and the southern part of Yun- nan, China.      D. cavaleriana (Christ) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. Suppl. I (1913) 25.      Ranges from West China through northern part of Fukien of East China to Japan.      D. intermedia Ching, sp. nov.      Endemic in West China:  Mt. Omei, Szechuan, and Kweichow.      D. hainanensis Ching, sp. nov.      In conclusion, it may be pointed out that with the modern plant taxonomy pursued in a more efficient manner than in the past, and especially by the introduction of the cytotaxonomic methods, the so-called “monotypic genera”, as conceived by the orthodox systematists, will continue to prove, to a great extent, to be lack of  enough  scientific ground.  The fact that the “monotypic genus” of Diplaziopsis C. Chr. is now found to be a genus of four well-defined species is once again an instance to illustrate the pointat issue.     

云南丽藻族新植物

 Yunnan is extends across the subtropical and tropical zones, situated in the sou- thern border area of southwestern China.  This district is extremely rich in plants, and thus, it has been known as a “Kingdom of Plants”.  However, up to the present our knowledge of the Charophyta in this region has been scanty.      In order to get a thorough understanding of its Charophyta, we identified speci- mens collected from 13 countries or cities in this province.  The result shows that is especially abundant in Charophyta.      In this paper, however, only are reported new species, new varieties and new re- cords of China on the Nitelleae.  The former two are Nitella hokouensis, N. bicornuta, N. longicaudata, N. procera, N. brevidactyla, N. papillata, N. pseudohyalina, N. hyalina var. aberrans and Tolypella yunnanensis; while the third is Nitella globulifera Pal andN. japonica T. F. Allen.     

中药黄藤学名的订正

 “Huangteng” is an antibacterial drug used in Chinese folk medicine.  It contains a large amount of Palmatine.  In recent years, although much chemical and pharmaceu tical investigations of this drug have been made, it has been misidentified as Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.  After a careful examination, however, the plant in question possesses three stamens with anthers about equal in length to the filaments. On the basis of thisfact, the present paper proposes a revision.  It proves to be F. recisa Pierre.     

竹亚科分类的若干方法问题——兼论牡竹属的范畴

 中国竹亚科分类自70年代末以来取得了长足进展，但在高山竹类的属名、种类处理，青篱竹属在中国是否存在，以及丛生竹的属级界线等问题上，国内学者间，以及国内学者与国外学者间存在不同意见。读了林万涛关于中国牡竹属的两篇文章后，认为有必要就牡竹属的范畴作一讨论，其中也涉及国内竹亚科分类的若干方法论问题。根据分支系统学的原理，“广义牡竹属”是一个单系类群。参照Clayton对属级分类阶元提出的几条原则，特别是性状的选择，讨论了椅子竹属与碟环慈竹属的归属问题。笔者认为，数量分类学并不探讨类群的起源问题，研究系统发育则需要多学科的证据，因而单从营养体个别性状的相似性来推测系统发育是不可取的。最后本文归并了椅子竹属和碟环慈竹属。     

湖北樟属数量化学分类研究

本文利用湖北樟属植物13号精油的气相色谱／质谱／电子计算机联用分析的结果，从 已鉴定出的108个化学成分中，筛选出30个主要成分，综合各种植物的17个主要形态特征，进行数量分类研究。数学分析结果揭示了樟属各种性状变化的规律性，尤其是形态特征 与化学成分之间的相关性。乙酸龙脑酯、反式-甲基异丁香酚和芳樟醇等重要香精原料的含 量，与某些形态特征的变化密切相关，罗勒烯可能是樟属分组的特征性成分。本文还在聚类 分析的基础上，进一步探讨了分类群的划分，并根据精油成分在不同种和同种不同类型中的 分布及含量，参照各分类群之间的相关系数，对其演化关系作出了推论。湖北樟属植物可能起源于我国西南的黄樟樟脑型，而芳樟和黄樟芳樟醇型则是最进化的类群。     

浙江省薯蓣科植物的数量分类研究

以浙江省薯蓣科全部植物——薯蓣属17种和1变种为18个分类单位，以形态为主兼顾组织结构、化学成分及地理分布，列出72项性状，对这些植物进行了数量分类。用最短距离法、最长距离法、中间距离法甲、中间距离法乙、重心法、类平均法以及离差平方和法的系统聚 类，探索了这些植物彼此间的亲缘关系，认为以前对它们的经典分类处理基本合理。由于”薯莨”性状明显特殊，建议成立新组——薯莨组。     

分支分类的一种计算方法——最大同步法

 本文讨论数量分支分类，提出一种构造演化树的实际计算方法，称为最大同步法。桔梗科6个种的数据作为例子进行说明，并对这种方法做简单的评论和比较。     

苔藓植物研究的新进展

本文扼要介绍了近20多年来苔藓植物8个分支学科的研究现状，探讨了苔藓植物研究今后的发展趋势。文中，还对我国苔藓植物研究工作今后的任务提出了见解。     

河北堇菜属植物的进一步研究

本文着重运用聚类分析的方法，对河北地区堇菜属植物进行研究，确定本属中组和亚     组的划分界限，并通过对形态学特征和地理分布式样的分析，确认蒙古堇菜(V. mongolica     Franch．)和北京堇菜(V．pekinensis(Regel) W．Beck．)实属同一个种，北京堇菜不应作为     独立的种存在。通过将美丽堇菜组(Sect．Melanium Ging．)与其它类群进行比较，发现差异     很大，超出了组和组间的相似性范围，因而支持Juzepczuk(1949)将它提升为亚属的分类处    理。     

浅谈分类学的数学方法

  In this paper, the various mathematical methods applied to taxonomy are intro- duced to readers.  Some approaches to the classification induced by statistics, graph theory, information theory, fuzzy mathematics are discussed. An example of classifica- tion (6 OTU’s with 8 characters) is given for convenience of discussion.  The original data matrix of this example is obtained from 6 species in the family of Campanulaceae.