系统论与知识组织

系统论是知识组织的重要理论基础之一,它与知识组织的联系极为紧密,系统论的原理主要有整体性、关联性、有序性、动态性等理论,本文从这些原理着手,具体论述了系统论在知识组织系统的分类系统、主题系统、本体论中的详细应用。     

论知识创新与知识组织、知识管理

知识经济时代,知识创新已成为知识经济发展的生命线,本文提出实现知识创新的途径－加强知识组织与知识管理,在分析知识经济研究领域成果的基础上,总结了加强知识组织与知识管理的几点具体措施。     

Accounting for change in national systems of innovation: A friendly critique based on the U.S. case

This paper advances a friendly critique of the national systems of innovation approach and offers some suggestions for its future development. I argue that the approach has difficulty accounting for bounded change in national systems. I review three recent changes in the U.S. innovation system - the Internet boom and bust of the late 1990s and early 2000s, the response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the acceleration of productivity growth since the mid-1990s - in order to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the framework in this respect. Future research might be enriched, at least in the case of large national innovation systems, by absorbing concepts developed in other strands of institutionalist literature, such as “intercurrence” and “embeddedness”.     

基于主题图的邯郸地方文献组织研究

主题图是一种新兴的知识组织技术,它是传统索引技术在网络环境下的发展。本文将主题图技术引入到邯郸地方文献资源组织当中,介绍了主题图(TopicMaps)相关理论,探讨邯郸地方文献的主题及类型、分析邯郸地方文献资源主题关联以及与其他专业文献相比所具有的特点,目的在于为用户提供符合认知特点的知识导航。     

Modelling ethical rules of lying with Answer Set Programming

There has been considerable discussion in the past about the assumptions and basis of different ethical rules. For instance, it is commonplace to say that ethical rules are defaults rules, which means that they tolerate exceptions. Some authors argue that morality can only be grounded in particular cases while others defend the existence of general principles related to ethical rules. Our purpose here is not to justify either position, but to try to model general ethical rules with artificial intelligence formalisms and to compute logical consequences of different ethical theories. More precisely, this is an attempt to show that progress in non-monotonic logics, which simulates default reasoning, could provide a way to formalize different ethical conceptions. From a technical point of view, the model developed in this paper makes use of the Answer Set Programming (ASP) formalism. It is applied comparatively to different ethical systems with respect to their attitude towards lying. The advantages of such formalization are two-fold: firstly, to clarify ideas and assumptions, and, secondly, to use solvers to derive consequences of different ethical conceptions automatically, which can help in a rigorous comparison of ethical theories.     

主导逻辑：内涵、研究议题及未来展望

主导逻辑作为企业内部主导的一般管理逻辑,是指导企业制定相关战略决策、采取行动以快速响应外部动态复杂的市场环境的先导模块,对组织的战略决策、战略部署及战略执行具有指导作用而备受学界关注。本文以1986-2020年间与研究主题相关的211篇中外文文献为研究对象,在可视化分析的基础上归纳并整理现有研究成果,总结出主导逻辑的发展进程、概念内涵、形成机制、特性及类型划分等内容,并从与主导逻辑相关的企业竞争优势、价值创造及服务创新等热点议题对已有研究进行系统梳理,构建了主导逻辑理论知识框架。本文较为系统全面的梳理了主导逻辑理论现有研究,同时期望能够引起我国学者的关注,进一步探寻组织内部多元主导逻辑共存的内在机制,完善相关理论体系;补充服务主导逻辑对消费者影响的相关研究,丰富多类型主导逻辑的认知及作用机理;期望学界产出更多以具有我国国情特色的管理实践现象为研究土壤的高质量研究,从而为实践界在动态复杂的外部环境中构建主导逻辑提升组织竞争能力提供丰富的理论借鉴。     

Maturity model of Knowledge Management in the interpretativist perspective

Many authors have proposed categorizations for approaches to Knowledge Management; outstanding prospects including functionalist and interpretativist. In the first approach, knowledge is considered as a “static object” that exists in a number of ways and locations; in the second one, knowledge does not exist independently of human experience, social practice, of knowledge itself and its use, where it is shared by the social practices of communities, because it is “dynamic and active”. These articles constitute an extensive review on the subject, focused in reviewing, analyzing and presenting a study of the interpretativist perspective, and describe a maturity model for KM operational from it.     

Crowd science: The organization of scientific research in open collaborative projects

A growing amount of scientific research is done in an open collaborative fashion, in projects sometimes referred to as “crowd science”, “citizen science”, or “networked science”. This paper seeks to gain a more systematic understanding of crowd science and to provide scholars with a conceptual framework and an agenda for future research. First, we briefly present three case examples that span different fields of science and illustrate the heterogeneity concerning what crowd science projects do and how they are organized. Second, we identify two fundamental elements that characterize crowd science projects – open participation and open sharing of intermediate inputs – and distinguish crowd science from other knowledge production regimes such as innovation contests or traditional “Mertonian” science. Third, we explore potential knowledge-related and motivational benefits that crowd science offers over alternative organizational modes, and potential challenges it is likely to face. Drawing on prior research on the organization of problem solving, we also consider for what kinds of tasks particular benefits or challenges are likely to be most pronounced. We conclude by outlining an agenda for future research and by discussing implications for funding agencies and policy makers.     

Citation analysis: A social and dynamic approach to knowledge organization

Knowledge organization (KO) and bibliometrics have traditionally been seen as separate subfields of library and information science, but bibliometric techniques make it possible to identify candidate terms for thesauri and to organize knowledge by relating scientific papers and authors to each other and thereby indicating kinds of relatedness and semantic distance. It is therefore important to view bibliometric techniques as a family of approaches to KO in order to illustrate their relative strengths and weaknesses. The subfield of bibliometrics concerned with citation analysis forms a distinct approach to KO which is characterized by its social, historical and dynamic nature, its close dependence on scholarly literature and its explicit kind of literary warrant. The two main methods, co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling represent different things and thus neither can be considered superior for all purposes. The main difference between traditional knowledge organization systems (KOSs) and maps based on citation analysis is that the first group represents intellectual KOSs, whereas the second represents social KOSs. For this reason bibliometric maps cannot be expected ever to be fully equivalent to scholarly taxonomies, but they are – along with other forms of KOSs – valuable tools for assisting users’ to orient themselves to the information ecology. Like other KOSs, citation-based maps cannot be neutral but will always be based on researchers’ decisions, which tend to favor certain interests and views at the expense of others.     

Research groups as ‘quasi-firms’: the invention of the entrepreneurial university

Academic entrepreneurship arose from internal as well as external impetuses. The entrepreneurial university is a result of the working out of an “inner logic” of academic development that previously expanded the academic enterprise from a focus on teaching to research. The internal organization of the Research University consists of a series of research groups that have firm-like qualities, especially under conditions in which research funding is awarded on a competitive basis. Thus, the Research University shares homologous qualities with a start-up firm even before it directly engages in entrepreneurial activities.     

知识视角的组织:概念、边界及研究主题

从知识的视角来研究组织是20世纪末以来管理学研究的前沿领域之一,但由于目前学术界及实践中对知识视角组织的理解尚不统一,影响了对组织概念、组织边界及研究主题的系统深入分析研究。针对这些缺陷,本文在对知识视角组织的相关研究文献进行梳理的基础上,明确界定了知识与组织的概念,分析了组织边界的确定,并立足于企业发展层面对知识视角的组织研究主题进行了讨论,结合组织前沿思想探索了该领域研究的发展趋势,旨在对知识视角的组织未来研究提供有益的参考和启示。     

组织网络化中的知识共享--一个基于知识链的分析

“组织网络化”是组织理论研究中关于组织发展和组织创新的一个新兴研究领域,其中有关知识共享的研究更是引起人们的普遍关注。基于对于组织知识链及其特征的分析,阐述了组织网络化中的知识共享机制,并探讨了构建有助于知识共享的组织文化的若干路径。     

Hidden structure: Using network methods to map system architecture

In this paper, we describe an operational methodology for characterizing the architecture of complex technical systems and demonstrate its application to a large sample of software releases. Our methodology is based upon directed network graphs, which allows us to identify all of the direct and indirect linkages between the components in a system. We use this approach to define three fundamental architectural patterns, which we label core–periphery, multi-core, and hierarchical. Applying our methodology to a sample of 1286 software releases from 17 applications, we find that the majority of releases possess a “core–periphery” structure. This architecture is characterized by a single dominant cyclic group of components (the “Core”) that is large relative to the system as a whole as well as to other cyclic groups in the system. We show that the size of the Core varies widely, even for systems that perform the same function. These differences appear to be associated with different models of development – open, distributed organizations develop systems with smaller Cores, while closed, co-located organizations develop systems with larger Cores. Our findings establish some “stylized facts” about the fine-grained structure of large, real-world technical systems, serving as a point of departure for future empirical work.     

个人数字图书馆研究探讨

国内外个人数字图书馆发展研究目前还处于萌芽状态。个人数字图书馆是公共数字图书馆服务的延伸，以信息、知识共享为原则，并实现从信息管理到知识管理的升华。本文对个人数字图书馆定义、本质、功能、构建模式、信息组织、知识组织、检索、知识管理等方面进行了初步探讨，认为个人数字图书馆研究与心理学、认知科学、行为学、计算机科学、信息学、语义学等相关。     

基于边界组织的科技成果转化机构分类体系研究

科技成果转化机构是推动跨边界的科技成果转化活动的有效载体,研究科技成果转化机构分类体系,有利于发现并改进共性问题,促进机构高效运转。目前对科技成果转化机构分类的研究数量众多,但分类方式过于分散、且分类方式的理论支撑不足。边界组织是一种作用于跨边界活动的优秀组织范式,可以认为科技成果转化机构是服务于科学与市场界域之间的边界组织。在边界组织理论的基础上,系统的构建了科技成果转化机构的分类体系,按象限划分方法将科技成果转化机构分为科学边界模式、市场边界模式、边界间模式,并建立了科技成果转化机构社会贡献、交互、专业化三个维度的分析框架。利用多案例分析的方式,丰富分类体系的内涵,总结了不同模式的优劣,针对性地提出了每种模式的改进策略,为科技成果转化机构的理论延伸与实践探索提供有益参考。     

关于知识组织与信息组织

文章分析研究了知识与信息两个概念之间的关系，探讨了知识组织及其相关的信息组织研究的最新进展以及知识组织的研究范围。     

知识经济时代组织的新趋势:知识型组织

为了适应知识经济时代的发展，组织必须转化为由知识、知识管理、智力资本和智力产品四个核心要素组成的知识型组织。本文围绕四个核心要素论述了知识型组织的相关问题，以及建立什么形式的知识管理系统。     

国内外知识组织体系标准的现状及发展趋势研究

知识组织体系标准是针对知识组织体系的构建、应用以及互操作等,为了使其达到最佳秩序,所制订的标准.近年来,计算机技术、网络技术在知识组织活动中的广泛应用已经极大地影响了知识组织体系的相关实践.知识组织体系标准也因此面临着许多挑战.对国内外知识组织体系标准的现状进行了综述,并通过深入分析新信息环境下知识组织体系标准的重大变化,归纳总结了未来知识组织体系标准的发展趋势.     

Innovation: Exploring the knowledge base

New types of knowledge, and new ways of organising the production of it, may emerge as knowledge producers respond to the challenges posed by a changing society. This paper focuses on the core knowledge of one such emerging field, namely, innovation studies. To explore the knowledge base of the field, a database of references in scholarly surveys of various aspects of innovation, published in “handbooks”, is assembled and a new methodology for analysing the knowledge base of a field with the help of such data is developed. The paper identifies the core contributions to the literature in this area, the most central scholars and important research environments, and analyses - with the help of citations in scholarly journals - how the core literature is used by researchers in different scientific disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields. Based on this information a cluster analysis is used to draw inferences about the structure of the knowledge base on innovation. Finally, the changing character of the field over time is analysed, and possible challenges for its continuing development are discussed.     

National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development

This paper focuses on the role of capabilities in economic development. In recent years, the quality and availability of data on different aspects of development have improved, and this provides new opportunities for investigating the reasons behind the large differences in economic development. Using factor analysis on data for 25 indicators and 115 countries between 1992 and 2004, we identify four different types of “capabilities”: the development of the “innovation system”, the quality of “governance”, the character of the “political system” and the degree of “openness” of the economy. Innovation systems and governance are shown to be of particular importance for economic development.