具身社会认知:社会认知研究的新动向

具身认知是当前哲学认识论的实证转向以及第二代认知观兴起的背景下认知研究中最重要和最具代表性的研究方向之一。具身认知强调的是人的身体、动作与情境在整个认知过程中的关联性,具身社会认知是当下具身理论与社会认知研究相结合的产物。虽然具身社会认知研究的起步较晚,但却有着深刻的哲学与心理学思想渊源,存在主义、现象学、机能主义心理学等都是其理论基础。具身社会认知已经在实证领域内取得了较为丰富的研究成果,极大地拓展了具身社会领域的理论与实证依据,但想要获取更大的发展,还必须解决当前存在的诸如理论体系混乱、研究方法不足以及科学性欠缺等问题。     

具身认知理论引领下的有效教学变革

具身认知理论是建立在反思与批判身心二元论的传统认知观基础之上的一种新型认知观。它在理论上突出强调身体参与认知活动的重要意义和价值。这一理论主张对开展有效教学的意义在于,一方面要倡导体验式学习,让学生在亲身参与中获得成长;另一方面可以创设教学情境,营造和谐宽松的学习氛围。此外,融创客教育理念于课堂教学之中,为有效教学的开展提供保障也是一条重要探索路径。     

体验认知·惯习·语言礼貌

语言礼貌研究虽已成为一门显学,但仍有许多重要问题需要澄清和解决.受认知语言学的体验认知观和法国社会哲学家Pierre Bourdieu惯习观的启发,本文通过分析指出,语言礼貌扎根于人类的认知体验,具有身体基础,具有体验性;礼貌从本质上说是一种言后之效,是个人以体验认知和惯习为基础,结合语言形式、语境、意图、情感等诸多复杂因素做出评价的结果.由于评价行为具有争议性、主观性和不确定性等特点,仅仅凭借语言形式作出礼貌或不礼貌的评价不一定行得通.本文最后得出结论:认知评价应当成为语言礼貌研究的核心.     

具身认知视野下的学前教育实习:困境与转向

当下学前教育实习较为关注学生专业知识和技能的养成,传统的教育实习在实习角色、实习内容、实习指导和实习成效等方面均面临一些现实困境。具身认知理论的发展为学前教育实习提供了新的转向思路。构建具身化的实习环境,促进实习角色定位转向;增加情境性实习任务,避免无目的做事;引导共同体学习,显现实习的多元互动性;关注行动性实习活动,以行动促进教育智慧与能力的获得。     

社会课堂中认知过程与情感教育的和谐统一

新课改要求课堂教学能做到认知与情感的和谐统一,要实现这个目标,作为社会教师在课堂教学中,应该做到:依托教材步入和谐;创设情境感受和谐;动手操作尝试和谐;体验角色促进和谐;课堂民主共享和谐.     

具身认知视角下科技场馆学习支架的设计

具身认知强调认知是身体参与的认知,通过身体、环境、感知、心智的互动融合完成知识的表征。科技场馆借助实体场馆与先进信息技术的融合,构建了具身学习的场域。文章首先基于具身认知理论,在科技场馆的具身学习中融合三种环境(即物理环境、社会环境和心理环境)和三类具身(即实感具身、实境具身和离线具身),设计了科技场馆学习支架。随后,文章在“电流的磁效应”主题学习中开展了两轮迭代设计研究,验证科技场馆学习支架的应用效果。最后,文章形成了修正后的科技场馆学习支架,以提升学习者身体在场的行动参与感,帮助学习者身体体验的内化与经验建构,为学习者在科技场馆中的具身学习提供有效的学习支持。     

教师认知研究的综述与展望

教师认知研究是教师教育研究的重要内容之一,体现了教学研究范式从关注教师行为到关注教师思维的重大转变。教师认知研究主要包括教师决策、教师知识和教师信念研究。这些研究的相关成果有助于提高教学效能,促进教师专业发展,推动教学改革。     

走向具身教学:学业负担问题消解的逻辑与路径

由于身心二元论的长期影响,客观主义的知识观、抽象主义的学习观、传递主义的教学观充斥于教育进程之中,三者交互影响,共同构成过重学业负担问题生成的内在动因。作为一种具有突破性意义的认知范式,具身认知理论强调身心一体性、知行合一性与人境相融性,其在教育领域的介入与应用,为学业负担问题的研判与诊治提供了新的思路。我们需要转变离身理念凸显教学人性价值、解放主体身体提升教学实践价值、营造具身环境实现教学对话价值,以期通过教学的身体转向实现过重学业负担问题的有效破解。     

论教师良好情感智力的培养

在功利主义教育观的指导下 ,教师素质结构中强调的是认知素质 ,这不符合当代教育发展的要求。“以人为本”的教育观 ,要求教师认知与情感平衡发展。因而 ,教师要注重良好情感智力的养成。主要是两个方面 :一是良好的情感特征 ,二是表达情感的技能技巧的培养。     

教师认知研究回溯与思考:对教师教育之意涵

教师认知研究在过去二十多年中是国际上教师教育研究的一个重要领域。随着理论视角与范式的变化,其研究的内容在不断演变扩展:从教师的临床信息加工,到教师的知识与信念、教师反省思维与专业发展,再到教师的建构性学习;研究方法也从实验操控和定量分析发展为包括人种志调查、叙事探究在内的各种手段。这些变化对推动我国教师教育研究与发展具有重要意义。     

Connectedness: Developing a Shared Construction of Affect and Cognition in Children with Autism

Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald teach children with autism at Mowbray School, North Yorkshire. Dave Sherratt also teaches at the University of Birmingham and is honorary research fellow at the University College of York St John. Gill Donald is also a specialist speech and language therapist for Hambleton and Richmondshire Primary Care Trust. In this article, Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald outline an approach to teaching children who are on the autistic spectrum. They describe the social construction of understanding in normally developing children and suggest ways in which this differs in children with autism. These children may have difficulties in attributing relevance to the aspects of experience that are regarded as significant by most learners. The authors suggest that this may account for the poverty in social engagement or connectedness commonly observed in children with autism. Illustrating their propositions with vivid examples from practice, Dave Sherratt and Gill Donald go on to describe ten teaching structures promoting progress from early social engagement; through a shared understanding of objects and observable processes; to a shared understanding of symbolic representation in play, ideas and language. These structures, rooted in a fascinating evocation of theory, will help practitioners striving to develop a shared understanding of self, others and the environment in children with autistic spectrum disorders.     

The ideal teacher: orientations of teacher education in Sweden and Finland after the Second World War

There are many similarities between the Nordic countries of Sweden and Finland, but they have made different decisions regarding their teacher-education policies. This article focuses on how the objectives of teacher education, particularly the vision of the ideal teacher, have changed in Sweden and Finland in the period after the Second World War. In Finland, the period since the 1960s can be described as a gradual scientification of teacher education. The image of the ideal teacher has transformed according to a research-based agenda, where teachers are expected to conduct minor-scale research in the classroom. In Sweden since the 1980s, on the other hand, teacher education has oscillated between progressivist and academic orientations, following shifts in government between the Social Democratic Party and the centre-right. Since the turn of the millennium, however, a consensus in favour of a strengthened research base of teacher education has also emerged in Sweden.     

Emotional labour,burnout and job satisfaction in UK teachers: the role of workplace social support

Although teaching has been described as a profoundly emotional activity, little is known about the emotional demands faced by teachers or how this impacts on their well-being. This study examined relationships between ‘emotional labour’, burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment) and job satisfaction in a sample of UK teachers. Also examined was whether workplace social support moderated any relationships found between emotional labour and strain. The relationship between job experience and emotional labour was also investigated. Six hundred and twenty-eight teachers working in secondary schools in the UK completed questionnaires. Significant associations were observed between emotional labour and all outcomes, with a positive relationship found between emotional labour and personal accomplishment. Some evidence was found that social support mitigates the negative impact of emotional demands on emotional exhaustion, feelings of personal accomplishment and job satisfaction. More experienced teachers reported higher levels of emotional labour. Findings highlight the need for teacher-training programmes to raise awareness of the emotional demands of teaching and consider ways to enhance emotion regulation skills in experienced as well as recently qualified staff.     

人工智能教育的情感文明:何以必要与何以可为

人工智能教育作为信息时代的教育理念和教育形态,呈现出蓬勃发展之势,其高度发达的技术文明呼唤相应的情感文明予以平衡。人工智能教育的情感文明是指人工智能教育系统在情感层面达臻开明与进步的合理状态,由此形成富有育人价值的情感境界。情感文明作为促进人工智能教育变革创新的精神力量,能够彰显人工智能教育的情本文化,落实人工智能教育的成人之学,完善人工智能教育的实践逻辑。建设人工智能教育情感文明需要提升人工智能教育场域的情感温度、合理遵循人工智能教育的情感规则、培育人工智能教育主体的情感修养,以及有效运用人工智能教育的情感资源,厚植人工智能教育的情感底蕴,走向技术文明与情感文明和谐共生的育人境界。     

Seeing the Spectrum: North American Approaches to Emotional,Social, and Moral Education

Interest in emotional, social, and moral (ESM) concerns in K—12 education in North America has grown considerably during the past decade. This increased concern is considered a response to the increased prevalence of social problems experienced by children and youth, such as bullying, substance abuse, and depression, and to research indicating that schools can influence the likelihood of students having these types of problems (Schonert-Reichl 2000). Research and theory in psychology which suggests that emotional development is an essential foundation of cognitive development and, therefore, is related to academic achievement also has contributed to this expanded interest (Martin and Reigeluth 1999). A variety of names, including affective education, social and emotional learning, values education, character education, caring education, and moral education, have been used in discussing ESM. Despite the prevalent use of these terms in the literature, the school programs that actually have been implemented under these various auspices are discussed rarely. Further, little, if any, research has explored the relative effectiveness of various approaches. Through a review of the literature, this article provides an overview of the history of ESM education in North America. It also outlines the spectrum of contemporary approaches to ESM education and explores the similarities and differences of these approaches, making suggestions for further theoretical and empirical work.     

Predicting the academic achievement of first-year,pre-service teachers: the role of engagement,motivation, ATAR,and emotional intelligence

Australian universities are enrolling a larger and more diverse undergraduate student population. Counter to this trend, several states have developed plans to restrict entrance into the teaching profession. This study investigates the role of engagement, motivation, Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR), and emotional intelligence in the academic achievement of first-year, pre-service teachers. Eighty-three regionally enrolled pre-service teachers agreed to complete self-report questionnaires that assessed engagement with learning and emotional intelligence. The questionnaire data were supplemented with findings from a series of focus groups. Although ATAR scores were found to be a significant predictor of academic achievement, scores on the Motivation and Engagement Scale emerged as a much stronger predictor of first-year grade point average. Measures of emotional intelligence did not add to the model. The results support the need to consider pre-service teachers’ motivation and engagement with learning, especially given the high stakes nature of proposed reforms to initial teacher education programmes.     

适应和引领新课改：教师教育功能的角色认知

随着我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的深入,教师教育面临新的挑战,其功能需要进行新的角色认知。本文认为,现阶段我国教师教育应该重新审视其与基础教育改革的关系,确立其适应和引领基础教育课程改革的新功能。变被动适应为主动适应,并能够积极引领基础教育的课程改革。为此,教师教育应该通过新课程理念的更新、新课程知识的储备、新课程技能的训练、新课程研究能力的提升,为推动我国新课程改革的进一步深化培育"新师资"。     

论幼师学生情感教育的现状、问题与对策

目前有关幼师学生情感教育的相关研究虽然取得了一定的成果,但仍还有待进一步深入研究。在当前的幼师学生情感教育过程中存在着重视教师的情感投入,忽视学生的情感调动;重视认知中有情感,忽视以情感促认知;重视片面单一的情感培养,忽视全面系统的情感激发。鉴于此,可以通过培养学生对自尊心的呵护、突显学生主体性功能、培养学生良好的"五心"、开发系列情感教育课程等策略有效推进幼师情感教育的进一步发展。     

Examining the Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Success of an Embodied Learning Activity in the Study of Hand Anatomy for Clinical Application

A student's own body provides an often disregarded site of knowledge production and corporeal wisdom. Learning via cognitive processes anchored in physical movement and body awareness, known as embodied learning, may aid students to visualize structures and understand their functions and clinical relevance. Working from an embodied learning perspective, the current article evaluates the use of an offline physical learning tool (Anatomical Glove Learning System; AGLS) for teaching hand anatomy for clinical application in medical students. Two student samples (N₁ = 105; N₂ = 94) used the AGLS in two different ways. In the first sample, the AGLS was compared to a traditional approach using hand bones, models and prosected specimens. Secondly, the AGLS and traditional approach were combined. The evaluation consisted of three outcomes: short-term learning (post-test), medium-term applications (mock-objective structured clinical examination, MOSCE), and longer-term assessment (objective structured clinical examination, OSCE). Findings from the first sample indicated no significant differences between the AGLS and traditional laboratory groups on short- (F_(1,78) = 0.036, P = 0.849), medium- (F_(1,50) = 0.743, P = 0.393), or longer-term (F_(1,82) = 0.997, P = 0.321) outcomes. In the second sample using the AGLS in combination with a traditional approach was associated with significantly better short-term post-test scores (F_(2,174) = 5.98, P = 0.003) than using the AGLS alone, but demonstrated no effect for long-term OSCE scores. These results suggest an embodied learning experience alone does not appear to be advantageous to student learning, but when combined with other methods for studying anatomy there are learning gains.