After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus

Rosalind Franklin is best known for her informative X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA that provided vital clues for James Watson and Francis Crick's double-stranded helical model. Her scientific career did not end when she left the DNA work at King's College, however. In 1953 Franklin moved to J. D. Bernal's crystallography laboratory at Birkbeck College, where she shifted her focus to the three-dimensional structure of viruses, obtaining diffraction patterns of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of unprecedented detail and clarity. During the next five years, while making significant headway on the structural determination of TMV, Franklin maintained an active correspondence with both Watson and Crick, who were also studying aspects of virus structure. Developments in TMV research during the 1950s illustrate the connections in the emerging field of molecular biology between structural studies of nucleic acids and of proteins and viruses. They also reveal how the protagonists of the "race for the double helix" continued to interact personally and professionally during the years when Watson and Crick's model for the double-helical structure of DNA was debated and confirmed.     

运动的巴斯德象限——以LED为例对科学-技术螺旋互动律的考察

 将LED领域的论文和专利这两种科技情报有机结合进行计量分析发现论文-专利-时间曲线呈双螺旋互动,发展了斯托克斯理论并证实了他的“玩味”猜想,揭示出巴斯德象限在产业进程中的非线性运动规律,即“技术先发,科学后援”的混合型科技创新互动路径。     

门捷列夫的元素周期律发现——其前提条件、历史脉络及其与同时代人的比较研究

本文阐明了门捷列夫于 186 9年 2月 17日做出元素周期律这一伟大发现的前提条件和历史脉络 ,并在此基础上通过将门捷列夫的工作与其同时代人进行比较研究 ,从新的视角上展示了门捷列夫伟大发现的方法论意义和特色。     

论平面构成在人像摄影中的重要性

本文主要介绍如何把人、景、物安排在画面当中利用点、线、面进行画面的布置以获得最佳布局的方法。     

基于特征分析和标签提取的医生画像构建研究

【目的/意义】医生同时兼具提供医疗服务的社会工作者和从事科学研究的科研工作者双重身份,因而需要从更全面、立体的角度组织管理和利用互联网中多源的医生数据用来构建医生画像,对于患者寻求医疗救助、提高健康服务质量具有重要作用。【方法/过程】在提出医生画像概念的基础上,以医院官网、百科类网站、文献数据库、在线健康社区等数据源为基础,提出基于特征分析和标签提取的医生画像构建模型,分别从医生的人口统计属性、简介特长、科研成果、科研合作、患者在线评价五个方面构建医生画像,最后在此基础上进行实证研究,以可视化的方式展示医生画像。【结果/结论】基于特征分析和标签提取的医生画像构建模型能够全面描述医生信息并将其以更加直观的形式展示出来,从而推动为患者提供个性化的健康服务和精准的医生推荐等研究的发展。     

创业型大学与创新的三螺旋模型

 创业型大学在知识经济的发展中的作用在区域层面日益增强,表现为提供“知识空间”、“共识空间”与“创新空间”。本文着重讨论大学是如何将它的核心功能从教学与科研扩展到经济与社会发展的,从而作为大学-产业-政府三螺旋关系的一部分,在创新动力学中扮演关键角色。     

三重螺旋模型的理论构建、实证检验及修正路径

通过对现有相关文献和研究成果的梳理,探讨三重螺旋模型的理论构建和实证检验,并进一步探索其修正路径。自Etzkowitz和Leydesdorff提出三重螺旋模型以来,理论研究日益深入和拓展。丰富的实证研究肯定了三重螺旋模型对创新实践的解释力。未来的发展在于在治理理念的指引下,探讨N重螺旋模型;基于创新的过程,定位大学、企业、政府的角色;通过广泛的个案研究,考察背景条件的影响;在大数据时代背景下,加强定量研究。     

The effect of the triple helix system and habitat on regional entrepreneurship: Empirical evidence from the U.S.

The ‘triple helix’ of the university-industry-government relationship and habitat are accepted as important determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship. However, empirical explorations of the effects of these variables and their interrelationships on regional entrepreneurial activities are highly limited. To fill this gap, we investigate the effect of the triple helix system and habitat on birth and death rates of U.S. firms at the state level. As expected, we find that industrial R&D expenditure plays an important role in promoting regional firm birth. However, university and government R&D also generate a synergistic effect that indirectly influences regional firm birth rates. In addition, we find that the synergy between university and industrial R&D enhances the sustainability of firms, while the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) government and industrial R&D are associated with an increase in firm death. Other factors linked to more favorable conditions for firm formation include higher educational attainment in a region, lower tax rate, and habitat factors affecting quality of life, such as lower housing prices and higher rates of health insurance coverage. In regions with high entrepreneurial activity, we find positive synergistic effects of the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) university and industrial R&D on firm birth rate, suggesting that university R&D plays an important role as an ‘entrepreneurial mediator’ among the three spheres in the triple helix system. In low entrepreneurial regions, the only triple helix system factors significantly influencing firm birth rate were tax rate. This finding suggests that the independent and interdependent components of the triple helix system and habitat are less powerful in low entrepreneurial regions.     

促进产学合作政策工具:英、美与中国比较研究

随着社会经济的发展,如何充分运用大学产生的知识基础,以促进产业创新与经济竞争力,成为当今政府的当务之急,而产学合作也成为创新政策工具中最主要的一环。本文针对各国政府所推动的各项产学合作方案,分析其对体制上、合作动机、合作障碍、合作机制运用的影响与实施成果。以个案研讨的方式,比较分析英国、美国产学合作的各项政策工具与方案的成效,并对我国的产学研合作政策提出相关建议。     

三螺旋接口组织与创新中的知识转移

 本文以创新三螺旋理论为基础,从三螺旋接口组织的概念出发,首先对接口组织的结构形式和实际特征进行了阐述。其次,对三螺旋创新中的知识层次与知识形态进行了分析和表述,并以此为基础对知识流动和知识创新成果应用的矛盾进行了分析。再次,将接口组织对知识转移过程的促进和协调作用进行了分析,最后提出了一个以接口组织为基础的知识转移框架。     

Metastability,pattern formation,and the discovery of quasicrystals: the 2002 Bower Award for Achievement in Science. Presented to John Werner Cahn

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the 2002 Bower Award for Achievement in Science to John Werner Cahn for his research in the field of materials science. Over the past four and a half decades, Cahn's ideas have vitally affected every area of the field and have strongly influenced statistical physics as well. In particular, Cahn's invention of the Cahn-Hilliard equation has been path breaking, as has his contribution to quasicrystallography.