After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus

Rosalind Franklin is best known for her informative X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA that provided vital clues for James Watson and Francis Crick's double-stranded helical model. Her scientific career did not end when she left the DNA work at King's College, however. In 1953 Franklin moved to J. D. Bernal's crystallography laboratory at Birkbeck College, where she shifted her focus to the three-dimensional structure of viruses, obtaining diffraction patterns of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) of unprecedented detail and clarity. During the next five years, while making significant headway on the structural determination of TMV, Franklin maintained an active correspondence with both Watson and Crick, who were also studying aspects of virus structure. Developments in TMV research during the 1950s illustrate the connections in the emerging field of molecular biology between structural studies of nucleic acids and of proteins and viruses. They also reveal how the protagonists of the race for the double helix continued to interact personally and professionally during the years when Watson and Crick's model for the double-helical structure of DNA was debated and confirmed.     

门捷列夫的元素周期律发现--其前提条件、历史脉络及其与同时代人的比较研究

本文阐明了门捷列夫于 186 9年 2月 17日做出元素周期律这一伟大发现的前提条件和历史脉络 ,并在此基础上通过将门捷列夫的工作与其同时代人进行比较研究 ,从新的视角上展示了门捷列夫伟大发现的方法论意义和特色。     

三重螺旋模型的理论构建、实证检验及修正路径

通过对现有相关文献和研究成果的梳理,探讨三重螺旋模型的理论构建和实证检验,并进一步探索其修正路径。自Etzkowitz和Leydesdorff提出三重螺旋模型以来,理论研究日益深入和拓展。丰富的实证研究肯定了三重螺旋模型对创新实践的解释力。未来的发展在于在治理理念的指引下,探讨N重螺旋模型;基于创新的过程,定位大学、企业、政府的角色;通过广泛的个案研究,考察背景条件的影响;在大数据时代背景下,加强定量研究。     

The effect of the triple helix system and habitat on regional entrepreneurship: Empirical evidence from the U.S.

The ‘triple helix’ of the university-industry-government relationship and habitat are accepted as important determinants of innovation and entrepreneurship. However, empirical explorations of the effects of these variables and their interrelationships on regional entrepreneurial activities are highly limited. To fill this gap, we investigate the effect of the triple helix system and habitat on birth and death rates of U.S. firms at the state level. As expected, we find that industrial R&D expenditure plays an important role in promoting regional firm birth. However, university and government R&D also generate a synergistic effect that indirectly influences regional firm birth rates. In addition, we find that the synergy between university and industrial R&D enhances the sustainability of firms, while the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) government and industrial R&D are associated with an increase in firm death. Other factors linked to more favorable conditions for firm formation include higher educational attainment in a region, lower tax rate, and habitat factors affecting quality of life, such as lower housing prices and higher rates of health insurance coverage. In regions with high entrepreneurial activity, we find positive synergistic effects of the interactions between (1) university and government R&D and (2) university and industrial R&D on firm birth rate, suggesting that university R&D plays an important role as an ‘entrepreneurial mediator’ among the three spheres in the triple helix system. In low entrepreneurial regions, the only triple helix system factors significantly influencing firm birth rate were tax rate. This finding suggests that the independent and interdependent components of the triple helix system and habitat are less powerful in low entrepreneurial regions.     

促进产学合作政策工具:英、美与中国比较研究

随着社会经济的发展,如何充分运用大学产生的知识基础,以促进产业创新与经济竞争力,成为当今政府的当务之急,而产学合作也成为创新政策工具中最主要的一环。本文针对各国政府所推动的各项产学合作方案,分析其对体制上、合作动机、合作障碍、合作机制运用的影响与实施成果。以个案研讨的方式,比较分析英国、美国产学合作的各项政策工具与方案的成效,并对我国的产学研合作政策提出相关建议。     

Towards “meta-innovation” in Brazil: The evolution of the incubator and the emergence of a triple helix

A “meta-innovation system” has emerged in Brazil, comprising multiple sources of initiative: top-down, bottom-up and lateral. Meta-innovation explains why the same organizational mechanism, successful in one context, may be relatively ineffective or even a blockage to innovation in another. An incubator movement arose in the transition from the large-scale technology projects of the former military regime. The incubator was reconfigured from its original high-tech focus to a broader set of purposes by University-industry-government actors. Business and social goals were aligned in a development model that has potential for transfer to other countries.     

基于三重螺旋模型的中小企业创新战略选择

通过介绍大学-产业-政府关系的三重螺旋模型的提出、发展、生成机理和作用机制,把三重螺旋创新模型与其他创新模式进行了比较.在此基础上,结合中小企业的发展状况和所面临的创新障碍,认为三重螺旋模型是适合中小企业创新的战略选择,且有利于提高自主创新能力.