Perceived discomfort in running: scale development and theoretical considerations.

The aim of this study was to develop a discomfort questionnaire to elicit the feelings and thoughts of people engaged in running activities. Ten runners who completed a particularly demanding 9-km run were asked to express their feelings and thoughts during the run they had just completed. These responses were recorded and later used as the first pool of items (k = 36). The questionnaire was then given to 171 runners in different distance races throughout the 1995 competitive season. These responses were analysed using exploratory factor analytic techniques and Rasch probabilistic analysis, as well as traditional reliability and validity procedures. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of 32 items divided into eight correlated subscales: proprioceptive symptoms, leg symptoms, respiratory difficulties, disorientation, dryness and heat, task completion thoughts, mental toughness, and head or stomach symptoms. These eight categories can be collapsed into three global categories suggested by researchers of pain: sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative. Rasch analysis suggested that the motivational-affective and cognitive-evaluative dimensions (i.e. the psychological) are the most experienced (i.e. rated highest). The eight subscales have ecological validity and were found to alter with the demands of different running distances.     

Many-Faceted Rasch Modeling Expert Judgment in Test Development

The purpose of this study was to model expert judgment in test and instrument development using the many-faceted Rasch model. A 150-item value orientation inventory-2 (VOI-2) assessing the value of physical education curriculum goals was developed and evaluated by 128 university educators and 103 school-based physical educators. The experts were asked to rate the consistency of each item to represent one part of the broad curriculum goals using a 5-point rating scale. The many-faceted Rasch model was used to calibrate the rating scores, and 6 facets -- gender, ethnicity, employment type, rater, content area, and item -- were defined. Severity and consistency of the experts' judgments were examined and corrected before being applied to item evaluation. Further, the impact of group membership on expert judgment was examined. Items were then evaluated based on their logit scores and the consistency of their performance. Results suggest that most VOI-2 items were content domain representative and the raters were truly experts. The many-faceted Rasch model demonstrates a psychometrically appropriate technique for applying expert judgment in test development.     

女大学生经期参加体育运动与月经不调关系的调查分析

对集美大学500名女学生进行了月经情况的随机抽样调查,发现体育专业月经不调人数发生率高于非体育专业女生,经期运动组的女生月经不调人数高于经期不运动组的女生,月经不调人数具有显著性差异。由此可见女大学生经期参加体育运动的运动负荷必须加以调整。     

健骨运动处方的研究与应用

研究结果表明:适宜健骨运动使绝经后女性腰椎 L_(2-4)BMD、跟骨BUA水平升高,并使骨密度增加;健骨运动使锻炼者的跟骨 SOS水平升高,显示运动对骨强度的增强效应。     

Stabilität der physischen Fitness im Kindesalter

Monitoring of physical fitness (PF) in childhood is important from a societal as well as individual perspective to ensure and support healthy child development. Hence, the German Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs together with the German Olympic Federation recommend the usage of motor tests, for instance in schools, to implement targeted interventions. Results of motor assessments are interpreted using reference categories to prevent overinterpretation of small but meaningless intra- and inter individual differences. Furthermore, temporal trends can influence the validity of these reference categories. The aims of the study are (1) to examine short- and medium-term changes in PF in middle childhood (2) to evaluate implications for reference values and the validity of the construct PF, (3) to provide valid reference values for eight- to nine-year-old children. In the school years 2011–2016, over 20,000 third-graders completed the German Motor Test (GMT) in the project “Berlin has Talent”. Possible temporal trends are examined using regressions and cross-tables. Implications of these changes on the construct PF are analyzed using Rasch measurement. Four out of seven tasks showed temporal changes. However, the validity and unidimensionality of the GMT are confirmed (p?>?0.90), if balancing backwards is excluded from the model. On the one hand, task-related changes of children’s motor performance within five years support the requirement of a comprehensive continuous monitoring to enable early interventions. On the other hand, they call for continuous evaluation of reference values of the GMT, which should rely on representative and sufficiently large samples.     

海岛地区成年女子体育行为的调查研究

运用问卷调查法,通过对舟山海岛地区成年女子体育行为现状的调查研究,结果表明:海岛地区成年女性体育锻炼目的明确,但价值取向存在年龄的差异;体育锻炼的合理性及坚持性随着年龄的递增而有所改善;体育锻炼内容简单、基本;闲暇时间不足、体育锻炼意识差是影响海岛地区成年女性参加体育锻炼的主要因素。     

女子蹦床自选动作成套编排的规律与特点

通过对 98年蹦床世界杯系列赛 (丹麦站 )女子蹦床运动员完成的 38套自选动作的录像统计与分析 ,找出女子蹦床自选动作成套编排一定的规律和特点 ,为提高我国女子蹦床的水平提供有价值的参考 ,也为我国蹦床教练编排女子蹦床自选成套动作提供基本的理论依据     

世界女子自由体操发展趋势及我国女队存在的问题

本文对参加第36届世界体操锦标赛女子自由体探决赛前8名运动员完成的技巧串难度、连接加分进行了统计，分析了当今世界女子自由体操的发展趋势。研究结果表明：继续加难和创新仍然是女子自由体操发展方向之一；难度发展及连接均以向后空翻类动作为主；高难度动作的空翻与空翻的连接应是今后的一个发展方向，我国运动员在动作质量与稳定性，艺术表现力、力量与耐力等方面还有待努力提高。     

The Validity and Reliability of Two Different Versions of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile

Physical self-perceptions have been found to be important determinants of self-esteem and exercise behavior. Research into the development of physical self-perceptions during childhood may lead to insights into how to promote both positive self-esteem and active lifestyles among children and youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Children and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP) in young children. Previous research with this instrument had validated this instrument with adolescents in seventh and eighth grade, but no research has been done on younger children. Children (n = 152; 72 boys and 80 girls) from the fourth and fifth grade were given two different forms of the CY-PSPP in a counterbalanced design. The original form utilized a structured alternative format, whereas the modified version used a simpler, 4-point Likert scale. The factorial validity and internal reliability of the CY-PSPP scales were well supported with the original version, but not with the modified version. Correlations between the CY-PSPP subdomains and objective measures of fitness also supported the construct validity of the original version of this instrument in this population. The results of this study document that the original version of the CY-PSPP can provide valid and reliable information about physical self-perceptions in children as young as 9 years of age. The use of the modified version would not be recommended without further analysis of the factorial validity.     

探讨音乐在女子自由体操比赛中的作用

一套成功的女子自由体操 ,其中音乐的选择、风格的确定起着非常重要的作用。要使一曲好的音乐成功地体现在运动员身上 ,必须正确处理好音乐主体与教练员、舞蹈艺术主体、舞蹈老师、竞技、运动员等之间关系。音乐老师应该与舞蹈老师、教练员、运动员密切配合 ,沟通理解 ,互相学习。只有这样 ,才能将音乐艺术的表演性与竞技动作的健与力完美地融为一体 ,从而征服裁判与观众 ,取得优异的运动成绩     

师范院校女生体育择项倾向、活动目的及执教要求

抽样调查得知,师范院校女生喜爱的体育运动项目排序为健身表现类、球类对抗类、格斗对抗类、速度力量类、力量耐力类;参加体育项目目的排序为健身性需要、工作性需要、生活性需要、娱乐性需要、防身性需要;对体育教师基本要求的排序为品行性要求、身体性要求、教学性要求、知识性要求、工作性要求。体育院校培养高校体育师资,应高度注意女生体育教学的特点与要求,科学设置教学课目、精心组织教材内容、注重提高教学艺术。     

交谊舞锻炼对老年女性平衡机能的影响

运用实验法探讨交谊舞锻炼对老年女性平衡机能的影响。结果显示:实验组在闭目单足站立、平衡木行走、闭目原地踏步及强化Romberg测试中,比对照组有较大的改善和提高,明显优于对照组,均呈显著性差异,说明经常坚持交谊舞锻炼能有效提高老年女性的平衡能力。     

Health locus of control predicts free-living, but not supervised, physical activity: a test of exercise-specific control and outcome-expectancy hypotheses

We statistically controlled fitness (1.5-mile run), outcome-expectancy values, and perceived barriers for physical activity and then compared internal health locus of control (IHLOC) with internal exercise locus of control (IEXLOC) for predicting the physical activity of college students (N = 84). Prospective observations of self-reported free-living physical activity (seven-day recall) and supervised running (time x distance) were made at 2-, 5-, and 9-week intervals. IHLOC predicted seven-day recall at Week 2 (beta = .19) and Week 5 (beta = .36) (increase in adjusted R2 ranged from .05 to .12, p less than .05). Consistent with theory, the prediction was not reproducible when generalized outcome-expectancy value rather than outcome-expectancy value for health was assessed. IHLOC was unrelated to supervised running. IEXLOC was unrelated to activity in all analyses, even though exercise-specific measures of outcome-expectancy values (beta s = .20) and perceived barriers (beta s = .27-.32) predicted both seven-day recall and supervised running (p less than .05). IHLOC also discriminated (p less than .05) high active and low active subjects when criterion groups were formed from population norms on seven-day recall (greater than or less than 280 kcal.kg-1.week-1). Results indicate that tests of decision theories that include locus of control measures specific to health or exercise must adjust for fitness, perceived barriers to physical activity, and behaviorally relevant outcome-expectancy values of physical activity when studying college students. The construct validity of exercise locus of control remains uncertain for college students.     

Development and Construct Validation of an Inventory for Assessing the Home Environment for Motor Development

A contemporary view of early childhood motor development considers environmental influences as critical factors in optimal growth and behavior, with the home being the primary agent. However, there has been minimal research examining the relationship between motor development and the home. The present study addresses this gap with the goal of creating an innovative parental self-report instrument to assess the quality and quantity of factors (affordances and events) in the home that are conducive to enhancing motor development in children ages 18–42 months. Following initial face validity determination, expert opinion feedback and selective pilot testing, construct validity was examined using 321 Portuguese families. Factor analysis techniques were used to: (a) compare competing factorial models according to previous theoretical assumptions, and (b) analyze the fit of the preferred model. Of the five plausible models tested, the five-factor solution provided the best fit to the data. Reliability was established through the scale reliability coefficient with a value of .85. The findings of this study suggest that the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report is a valid and reliable instrument to assess how well home environments afford movement and potentially promote motor development.     

Development and construct validation of an inventory for assessing the home environment for motor development

A contemporary view of early childhood motor development considers environmental influences as critical factors in optimal growth and behavior, with the home being the primary agent. However, there has been minimal research examining the relationship between motor development and the home. The present study addresses this gap with the goal of creating an innovative parental self-report instrument to assess the quality and quantity of factors (affordances and events) in the home that are conducive to enhancing motor development in children ages 18-42 months. Following initial face validity determination, expert opinion feedback and selective pilot testing, construct validity was examined using 321 Portuguese families. Factor analysis techniques were used to: (a) compare competingf actorial models according to previous theoretical assumptions, and (b) analyze the fit of the preferred model. Of the five plausible models tested, the five-factor solution provided the best fit to the data. Reliability was established through the scale reliability coefficient with a value of .85. The findings of this study suggest that the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development Self-Report is a valid and reliable instrument to assess how well home environments afford movement and potentially promote motor development.     

中小学体育学习评价过程中评价者的心理障碍及其调控策略

通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法、归纳法等研究方法,从理论的视角研究了目前中小学体育学习评价中评价主体可能出现的心理障碍,主要包括角色心理障碍、晕轮心理障碍、首因心理障碍、从众心理障碍、成见心理障碍以及类群心理障碍6种,并提出了对评价者可能出现心理障碍的调控策略,主要包括软性调控和硬性调控策略。     

Heart Rate Variability

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of two exercise intensities (moderate and severe) on heart rate variability (HRV) response in 16 runners 1 hr prior to (-1 hr) and at +1 hr, +24 hr, +48 hr, and +72 hr following each exercise session. Time domain indexes and a high frequency component showed a significant decrease (p < .001) between -1 hr and +1 hr for severe intensity. The low frequency component in normalized units significantly increased (p <.01) for severe intensity at +1 hr. Only severe exercise elicited a change in HRV outcomes postexercise, resulting in a reduction in the parasympathetic influence on the heart at +1 hr; however, values returned to baseline levels by +24 hr.     

太极拳对老年群体心理健康的影响

文章通过对太原市的80名参加太极拳健身的老年人（60岁以上）进行了问卷调查,对选择太极拳作为健身途径的老年人做了关于选择太极拳锻炼的动机、锻炼中断情况及中断原因、太极拳锻炼给予的长期和短期心理效益以及太极拳锻炼的坚持性等问题的调查分析,从调查结果可以看出：太极拳对老年人的心理健康的影响是正面影响大于负面影响。     

运动行为的理论与其模型

理解和促进健康相关的训练和身体活动需要有合理的理论基础．本文运用4种理论方法阐述了运动行为的理论．这种理论是：信念态度理论(HMB)；能力论；控制论；决定论，并在此理论基础上进一步阐述了：健康信念模型；保护性动机理论(PMT)；合理行为理论(TRA)和计划行为理论(TPB)；自我效能论(SET)；控制点论(LOC)；自我决策论；行为变化的跨理论模型(TTM)．我们得出：在运动行为研究领域最得到支持的理论是：TPB，SET和TTM而SDT理论开始受到关注和支持．