辅导员在第二课堂活动中的推动作用

随着市场经济的发展,人才竞争也变得越加激烈,这对教育体制的改革,学校教育方式的创新也提出了新的要求。在高校学习中,学习专业知识是第一课堂,而引导学生参与各种活动则是学生学习生涯中不可或缺的第二课堂。第二课堂不仅是第一课堂的延生和补充,更是学生实践的"试验田"以及发挥个人作用的"自留地"。本文在基于对辅导员有关工作的研究分析中,探讨辅导员在学生第二课堂中发挥的作用。     

The role of target students in the science classroom

This study investigated whole class interactions in 200 science lessons involving 15 teachers and students from grades 8 to 12 in two urban Australian high schools. A relatively small number of 3–7 “target students” monopolized whole class interactions. In most instances target students were male. Compared to others in the class, target students asked more questions of the teacher, were called on to respond to higher cognitive level questions, and received higher quality feedback. Two types of target student were identified. The students who actively participated in classroom interactions in a self-initiated manner tended to accept responsibility for their academic achievement and for interactions with others. The second type of target student, who participated as a consequence of being selected by the teacher, tended to have higher formal reasoning ability and achieve at a higher level than others in the class.     

教师在适用教育惩罚手段中的角色定位

教育惩罚是教育界广泛关注的问题。从教师在教育惩罚中的角色误区入手,通过对当前教师在教育惩罚中角色失当的原因分析,对教师在教育惩罚机制中的角色给以定位——理性的道德建设者、心理健康的理疗师、法律意识的塑造者,以促进教育工作者有效利用惩罚手段,刚柔并济,张弛有度,培养出有责任、有理性的下一代,促进社会的和谐发展。     

The role of the teaching assistant: Female role models in the classroom

We use a dataset of first-year engineering students from a selective research-intensive public university to examine the impact of same-gender teaching assistants on course grades and major field choice. Our sample consists of students who were randomly assigned to a section of an introductory engineering course and a graduate teaching assistant. Results suggest there may be small positive effects on course grades and the probability of majoring in a high-earning field for female students assigned to a female teaching assistant. Although the difference is marginally significant, the impact of a teaching assistant gender match for female students’ choice of a high-earning field is more pronounced in classrooms with a female instructor and above-median representation of female peers. Our results show limited evidence that female teaching assistants can provide the same benefits of a female instructor in STEM fields.     

The role of attention in expert classroom practice

In this paper we outline a new theoretical model of expert practice that identifies the importance of attentional skills. We report on a small-scale pilot study of the classroom practice of experienced teachers of mathematics based on this model, through which a method of articulating aspects of classroom practice has been developed. This study took place in England, where current policy in teacher education places considerable emphasis on lesson planning. Our study raises issues about the relationships between the different kinds of knowledge that we see as constituting expert practice.     

The role of classroom differences in achievement changes

A combined criterion involving the regression slopes of pretest-posttest achievement scores and achievement gain scores was used to classify similar types of classrooms. Mathematics achievement differences among 632 fifth graders were analysed in a longitudinal design and explained in a structural equation framework provided by LISREL, separately for four types of classrooms. The results replicated the findings of an earlier study (Schneider & Treiber, 1984) in that the local nature of achievement models could be demonstrated. That is, the structural components of the causal models could not be generalized across the four groups of classrooms. The inclusion of a second grouping criterion (i. e., achievement gain) proved useful in that a better model fit was always obtained for classrooms with high achievement agains. As a global model test ignoring group and classroom membership did mask the differential validity of the achievement model in the various subgroups, the need for multilevel approaches was emphasized.     

Corporal punishment and the pain provoked by the community of enquiry pedagogy in the university classroom

Abstract

Education for transformation and social justice calls for critical, reflective, imaginative and independent thinkers with enquiring minds and a strong sense of curiosity – the ends and means of what Jonathan Jansen calls a ‘pedagogy to disrupt’ and Gert Biesta a ‘pedagogy of interruption’. For this reason, I introduced an innovative pedagogy in some of my courses at the School of Education, University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg – the internationally established ‘community of enquiry’ pedagogy. I report on how in an Ethics course the pedagogy opened up a space for undergraduate students to disclose their own experiences of corporal punishment in the schools where they were placed for teaching practice. The pedagogy made room for a critical incident to emerge that was painful for both tutors and students, but, as I argue, crucial for participation, inclusion and the demands of open-mindedness, critical thinking and also solidarity required in a deliberative democracy.     

The role of facilitators in Virginia's electronic classroom project

Abstract

Although distance education is experiencing rapid growth in the United States, there is little research that measures the beliefs of certified public accountants (CPAs) toward the use of distance education in obtaining continuing professional education (CPE). This study examined the beliefs of CPAs in the state of Georgia concerning the effectiveness of distance education in providing CPE. The basic findings indicate that CPAs in the state of Georgia believe distance education to be an effective mode of learning. In addition, they indicate that the technological capabilities necessary to participate in distance education are available to them. However, with the exception of print‐based distance education, the percent of professional learning received via distance education is minimal. The results of this study may provide information beneficial to program planners of CPE.     

The classroom as a stage and the teacher's role

Teaching is a profession in which teachers are accustomed to being in the spotlight. In this paper we meet “Tina”¹—a newly employed teacher at a Norwegian public junior high school—who is engaged on an hourly basis to teach Arts and Crafts, including a seventh-grade class which has been called “challenging” by other members of the staff. Enthusiastic, committed, and focused educators who can serve as role models for their students are much in demand at this school. Her own challenge is to find a good balance between the many cultural roles she has to perform in an inclusive education—one that works toward a goal of servicing an integrated student body—as manager, administrator of materials, initiator, facilitator, reflection partner, and mentor. In this paper we describe how she shapes a learning environment characterized by clear and unambiguous signals about what is acceptable behavior, while at the same time insisting on creativity and originality in art work. The guiding question is: How does the teacher achieve the double task of keeping order and maintaining creativity?The study is based on ethnographic field work conducted over several months in the Arts and Crafts class of “Berge” school. We describe how the children try to sabotage the tasks, and analyze critical episodes using sociocultural theory. With its emphasis on cultural and creative activities, the Arts and Crafts subject provides a special opportunity for what sociocultural theory calls using mediating artefacts or elements (mediated action²). What makes the subject particularly interesting is that it is not only a matter of using linguistic mediation, but rather also mediation based on external factors, such as the use of specific objects or model learning.     

The role of classroom research projects in the preparation of science teachers

Research undertaken by educational researchers based in universities has not had the desired impact on the practices of classroom science teachers. Yet Goodlad (1990) has argued that if teaching is to be recognised as a profession there is a great need for the marrying of the knowledge of the practitioner with that of the researcher. Student teachers might learn to respect the potential for such a union by undertaking minor classroom research projects during their teacher preparation programs. This paper discusses the role of research projects in pre-service teacher preparation with reference to an inquiry conducted with teacher education students. Specializations: science education, teacher learning and preparation, teaching thinking.     

The role of cognitive engagement in classroom learning and motivation

The article analyzes the concept of student cognitive engagement, and the manner in which classroom instruction may develop self‐regulated learners. Since theory and research on academic motivation, to date only vaguely define the role of learning processes, and since studies of learning strategies rarely assess motivational outcomes, our analysis integrates these two streams of literature. We also identify specific features of instruction and discuss how they might influence the complex of student interpretive processes focal to classroom learning and motivation. Measurement issues and research strategies peculiar to the investigation of cognitive engagement are addressed.     

The role of technology in supporting classroom assessment in play-based kindergarten

There has been a rapid increase in the integration of new technologies in early education. While research has examined how technology can benefit classroom instruction, few studies have looked specifically at how technology is used by early educators to enhance their classroom assessment practices. The current study examined educators’ approaches towards the integration of technology in assessment in 20 play-based kindergarten classrooms. The majority of educators described technology as improving the efficiency of their assessment practices, while a minority of educators described technology as meaningfully extending student learning in assessment. Implications of different uses of assessment technology are discussed.     

Scaffolding Science Talk: The role of teachers' questions in the inquiry classroom

Teachers' questions in the inquiry classroom not only explore and make student thinking explicit in the class but also serve to guide and scaffold it. Several studies analysing teachers' questions and their categories have been reported; however the need for a fine-grained analysis has been felt, especially in the inquiry setting. This study attempts a fine-grained analysis of the rich variety of teachers' questions and their roles in an inquiry science classroom, which are illustrated with vignettes from our classes. We present a sequential typology of teachers' questions that emerged from this empirical study, one that brings out their progression in an inquiry class. We juxtapose them with the ones asked during traditional teaching. We also examine, through teachers' self-reports, their motivations for questioning. This work leads towards a characterisation of the complex process of teaching science as an inquiry that teachers interested in moving towards more constructivist teaching practices in their classrooms may find helpful.     

教师态势语应用的原则和技巧研究

态势语是一种通过人的面部表情、体态动作、服装饰品、空间位置而传递信息的伴随性语言。它同时作用于学生的视觉和听觉,极大地拓宽了信息传播渠道,起到补充信息、沟通情感、集中学生注意力的重要作用。它是整个教学环节不可或缺的重要一环,但在课堂教学多媒体程度越来越高的今天,态势语的运用却有了退化的倾向。因此,为保证教学质量,创设互动课堂,教师应加强态势语表达技巧,提高态势语表达水平。     

大学英语课堂教师角色定位及转换

在以往的教学过程中,教学的核心是教师和知识,教学的主体是教师,教学的客体是学生。新课程标准提倡将学生放在中心位置,教师创设教学情境的时候一定要充分的带动学生学习的积极性,让学生主动的参与到教学活动中。所以,教师一定要做好角色定位工作,将过去的传统观念摒弃掉,将学生放在教学工作的中心位置,教师一定要对自己的角色进行定位,并且进行转换,扮演好激励者、解答者和指导者的角色。     

谈外语教师在课堂教学中的角色

不同的教学任务中,需要教师扮演组织者、指导者、参与者等不同的角色,这就要求我们的老师能在多种多样的课堂教学活动中适时、适当地转换角色,教师角色的转换有利于科学地组织好教学,真正发挥教师的主导作用,调动学生学习英语的积极性。教师的角色的转换为学习者提供适宜的英语课堂学习环境,从而促进学习者自主学习,获得最佳学习效果,促进大学英语教学质量的不断提高。     

The role of teachers in facilitating situational interest in an active-learning classroom

The study sought to explore whether interactional teacher characteristics such as social congruence, subject-matter expertise, and cognitive congruence increase situational interest in students. Correlational and path analyses were conducted on a sample of 498 polytechnic students to assess potential differences in situational interest based on these three teacher characteristics and how well these characteristics predicted situational interest. Results revealed that students supported by teachers who scored high on these characteristics reported significantly higher levels of situational interest. Cognitive congruence was the most significant predictor of situational interest. Overall, the findings suggest that teachers play an influential role in increasing students’ situational interest in the active-learning classroom.     

The role of visual representations for structuring classroom mathematical activity

It is our presupposition that there is still a need for more research about how classroom practices can exploit the use and power of visualization in mathematics education. The aim of this article is to contribute in this direction, investigating how visual representations can structure geometry activity in the classroom and discussing teaching practices that can facilitate students’ visualization of mathematical objects. We present one illustrative episode that shows how drawings of geometrical figures have a powerful role in structuring and modifying the mathematical activity in the classroom. It was selected from a database that we have been building to investigate the learning of mathematics in public elementary schools in Brazil. The framework of Activity Theory helped in the characterization of the episode as a system of interconnected activities. We discuss the changes and transformations perceived in those activities; and we explore the idea of miniature cycles of learning actions to focus on the mathematical learning that is taking place. We describe the dynamics and the complexity of the ongoing activity in the calculation of areas; and, how drawings form a part, and show their influence, in it. We argue that part of this influence was associated with the contradiction between abstract mathematical ideas and their empirical representations, revealed by the tensions perceived in the activities analysed; and, simultaneously, that we could see as an impelling force for the learning of the rules and norms which regulate the use of visual representations in school mathematics.     

课堂生态环境中师生互动对英语写作的积极作用

教育生态学是利用生态学的方法和原则来研究教育的一门边缘学科。从生态学的观点来讲,课堂也是一个生态环境,在课堂这个生态环境中,它能否平衡发展,关系着教学效果的好坏。用生态学原理来分析和研究教育学的问题是一种新的思维方式。