HIV非职业暴露后的预防现状

非职业暴露后预防(nPEP)是指包括对性暴露后与静脉药物注射暴露后的预防H IV感染的措施.应该尽可能早的开始(暴露后72 h内),用多种药物联合治疗连续28 d.nPEP中心理咨询也是重要的组成部分.抗逆转录病毒治疗首选2个核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂.相对于职业暴露来说nPEP在预防H IV感染方面没有很好的效果.容易失败的原因主要有:①延时治疗;②非职业暴露者对PEP治疗依从性差;③反复多次发生暴露;④进行肛交是预防H IV感染所面临的一个严峻的问题;⑤不合理的药物组合.     

艾滋病研究现状

艾滋病全称获得性免疫缺陷综合症.艾滋病由HIV引起.艾滋病有三条传播途径——性传播、血液传播、母婴传播.1981-2000年期间世界有3610万人感染HIV.HIV侵入人体CD_4~ 为主的免疫细胞,破坏免疫功能.采取有效措施预防与控制艾滋病的流行.     

艾滋病疫苗

理想的艾滋病疫苗对预防H IV感染、延缓病程进展、阻止H IV病毒的继续传播等具有重要意义.本文综述了艾滋病疫苗的工作原理、开发策略与主要作用,对目前正在研究之中的艾滋病疫苗种类,研发现状,以及治疗性疫苗的研究进展等进行了回顾.     

强措施重行动将预防秋冬季传染病落到实处

目前,已开始进入季节性流感流行的秋冬季节,人们将面临着甲型H1N1流感和季节性流感双重流行和发生混合感染的风险。世界卫生组织于6月11日宣布将流感大流行预警级别提升至最高级别的6级,说明全球已进入2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行阶段,而秋冬季节将是流行的高峰。幼儿的抗病能力差,容易出现流感、     

HIV 阳性患者的术中防护

HIV即人类免疫缺陷病毒,又称爱滋病病毒。爱滋病即获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）是一种致死性传染性疾病。HIV感染源可以来自病人的血液和体液,对手术人员主要是血液。HIV分离最高即传染性最强的是临床上无症状而血清抗体呈阳性的病毒携带者。它的主要传播途径是血液、性接触和母婴传播。由于手术室护士直接接触患者血液、体液及各种分泌物、医疗废弃物和感染物机会较多,职业危险性较高,应该引起足够的重视。     

甲型H1N1流感

学习提示： 4月由墨西哥发端的甲型H1N1流感疫情（原称人感染猪流感）,迅速蔓延全球,截止到5月中旬已有33国／地区报告确诊病例。墨西哥已有多人死于猪流感,中美等国也确认感染和发现疑患,世界卫生组织将流感大流行警告级别提高到5级,全球拉响防疫警报。本期以“甲型H1N1流感”为关键词,解析相关词汇。     

2012年大理州住院分娩乙型肝炎母婴阻断与护理干预

目的：探讨乙肝母婴阻断的过程中的护理干预要点,有效提高阻断母婴成功率。方法：对HBsAg（乙型肝炎表面抗原）阳性孕产妇的新生儿采用Hepb／HBIG（重组乙型肝炎疫苗／乙肝免疫球蛋白）免疫接种及护理干预。结果：大理州累计检测2012年1月至6月新生儿实施乙肝母婴阻断,经乙肝两对半检测结果,HBsAg及HBeAg均为阴性160例,阻断成功率98．16％。结论：对新生儿及时接种Hepb／HBIG和对孕产妇进行护理干预,可有效提高母婴阻断率和成功率。     

在甲流肆虐的日子里

2009年3月至4月时,墨西哥爆发H1N1疫潮,导致过百人感染。2009年4月30日凌晨。世界卫生组织把全球流感大流行警告级别提高到第5级。     

滴虫性阴道炎中药治疗进展

阴道毛滴虫感染引起的滴虫性阴道炎是一种常见的妇科病,近年来已被列为最流行的性传播疾病(STD)之一[1].据WHO估计,滴虫病占全球每年3亿3千多万性传播疾病新患者的50%以上.     

2002年艾滋病日主题:相互关爱 共享生命

目前,全球HIV感染者已经达到4200万人,仅2002年就有500万人感染HIV,300多万人因此死亡。艾滋病危机所涉及的范围远远超过10年以前人们最坏的预测,许多国家已经处于艾滋病的严重流行期,还有许多国家正处于严重流行的边缘。全球人民携手———     

Mediation effects of problem drinking and marijuana use on HIV sexual risk behaviors among childhood sexually abused South African heterosexual men

HIV/AIDS prevalence in South Africa is one of the highest in the world with heterosexual, transmission predominantly promoting the epidemic. The goal of this study is to examine whether, marijuana use and problem drinking mediate the relationship between histories of childhood sexual, abuse (CSA) and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual men. Participants were 1181 Black men aged, 18–45 from randomly selected neighborhoods in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Audio computer assisted, self-interviewing was used to assess self-reported childhood sexual abuse, problem drinking, and marijuana (dagga) use, and HIV sexual transmission behavior with steady and casual partners. Data were analyzed using multiple meditational modeling. There was more support for problem, drinking than marijuana use as a mediator. Findings suggest that problem drinking and marijuana use, mediate HIV sexual risk behaviors in men with histories of CSA. Focusing on men with histories of CSA, and their use of marijuana and alcohol may be particularly useful for designing strategies to reduce, HIV sexual transmission in South Africa.     

Unveiling their worlds: the use of dialogue as a health-promotion tool for HIV/AIDS education in a poor community in Kenya

Three decades since the onset of HIV/AIDS, 33.2 million people worldwide are infected and prevalence in Kenya is on the rise. This paper contributes to discussions about HIV/AIDS education and draws on the health promotion approach and the emancipatory theory of Paulo Freire. Freire argued that through dialogue people unveil their world. The researchers used the method of dialogue to facilitate parents' and teachers' reflections on sexuality education for the children. The dialogues seemed to facilitate some reflection and showed the attitudes of the community to matters that impact on sexuality education (e.g. gender and sexuality). This paper illustrates how dialogic processes can be useful to the process of constructing realistic and contextually relevant HIV/AIDS education. The challenges for the researcher as an outsider are also discussed.     

Towards an integrated framework for accelerating the end of the global HIV epidemic among young people

For decades, the HIV epidemic has exacted an enormous toll worldwide. However, trend analyses have discerned significant declines in the overall prevalence of HIV over the last two decades. More recently, advances in biomedical, behavioural, and structural interventions offer considerable promise in the battle against generalised epidemics. Despite advances in the prevention of transmission and new infections, morbidity and mortality of HIV among young people remains a considerable concern for individuals, couples, families, communities, practitioners, and policy-makers around the globe. To accelerate the end of the global HIV epidemic among young people, we must merge existing efficacious interventions with more novel, cost-effective implementation strategies to develop integrated, multi-level combination interventions. The benefits of conceptualising the HIV epidemic more broadly and adopting ecological frameworks for the development of HIV prevention programmes are critical.     

Dilemma of concepts and strategies for the prevention of spread of HIV in relation to human behavior, law and human rights

The new prevalence data regarding the estimated global number of human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV⁺) cases, i.e., including people who are either aware or unaware of their HIV infection in 2010, lead many to wonder why the increase in incidence has reached today’s unprecedented level and escalated within such a short time. This, in spite of prevention campaigns in countries affected by HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with their urgent messages aimed at preventing HIV transmission by promoting changes in individual’s behavior. This article analyzes the background of the prevention strategies, in particular their political, social and legal concepts in terms of human rights, and reveals traits of human behavior not considered thus far. A radical reappraisal is necessary, at social and legislative levels, as well as options additional to current concepts. When ethical issues come up, they become blamed for outmoded moralistic positions. However, ignoring the reality has led to dire consequences from prioritizing individual human rights over society’s collective need to prevent the spread of HIV.     

A Study of the Relationship Between Child Care Providers' Use of HIV/AIDS Information Sources, Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and Attitudes Toward Caregiving Policies

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), has been a part of American society for over two decades. Today, HIV/AIDS touches all demographic groups, including young children. It is for this reason that child care providers need to be informed about HIV/AIDS and related policies that impact their work with young children. The purpose of this study was to examine child care providers' use of different HIV/AIDS information sources in relationship to their knowledge about HIV/AIDS and their response to common childhood behaviors and classroom situations involving an HIV-infected child. Results suggest that different types of information sources are associated with different aspects of providers' knowledge about and response to pediatric HIV/AIDS. Implications for the planning and delivery of HIV/AID training involving child care providers are discussed.     

Proposing an instructional framework for children with HIV/AIDS

HIV and AIDS infections are becoming an increasing problem all over the world. The education systems of developing countries are particularly burdened with the increased occurrence of the disease among children. The central nervous system is one of the major are as of the body that HIV/AIDS affects. Because scholastic performance is linked closely to the functioning of the brain, it is important to know which areas of the brain are affected by the virus and how the illness manifests, in order to provide an appropriate educational programme for these children. By understanding the weaknesses of HIV/AIDS children within the educational system, educators can focus on their strengths in order to provide these children with a well-structured and effective education. In this article, two researchers from the University of Pretoria, Dr Drienie (H) Naudé, Professor of Educational Psychology, and Dr Resia (E) Pretorius, senior lecturer in the Department of Anatomy, suggest that the receptive language abilities of children with AIDS and HIV infection might be less affected than their expressive and non-verbal skills. From this information, the authors propose an instructional delivery framework for children with HIV/AIDS. Specific recommendations focus on reading, arithmetic/mathematics, handwriting instruction and the use of computers. The aims of this programme are to assist teachers who might be confronted with the learning needs of children with HIV/AIDS and to promote a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the educational needs of this growing population of children.     

回归分析方法预测某市HIV／AIDS流行趋势的应用研究

根据疾病预防控制中心提供的数据,应用回归分析的方法,建立了某市HIV／AIDS逐年新增人数预测模型和经性传播HIV／AIDS新增人数预测模型,并分析得出该市未来3年HIV／AIDS的发展趋势：HIV／AIDS新增人数逐年趋于平稳,但是仍有上升的迹象;经性传播HIV／AIDS新增人数比例逐年上升且速度较快,性传播HIV／AIDS已逐渐成为该市HIV／AIDS传播的主要途径。