On Sentence Complexity in THE TIMES: A Comparative Study of SentenceLength and Sentence Complexity in the News Section and the Sports Section

My investigation will serve two purposes. First, I shall investigate the function of the subclauses in the corpus in relation to their complexity, and I shall establish whether there is a correlation between sentence length and sentence complexity.Second, I shall analyse the complexity of the subclauses collected from the two sections and compare the results from these sections, focusing on finite subclauses and non-finite subclauses. I hope to be able to point out some differences in style between the news and sports sections concerning the use of subordinate clauses in various syntactic functions in order to examine how the choice of linguistic structures differs in different sections of The Times.     

Improving Practice through Reflective Enquiry: confessions of a first‐time action researcher

A number of key constructs underpin educational action research. This paper focuses on the concept of ‘truth’ and by doing so hopes to highlight some debate in this area. In reflecting upon what ‘truth’ might mean to those involved in action research, I shall critically evaluate Thorndike's ‘Law of Effect’ and Bruner's ‘Three Forms of Representation’, and explain how these perspectives might help us find ‘the truth’ of an area under study and how they might inform the methodology of research. I shall close by suggesting that teacher‐researchers should allow for a constructivist approach in their action research methodology in order to help them in their sense‐making process.     

Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness

In this article I attempt to address three positions on forgiveness that could be encouraged in schools. They are the strict view defended by Philip Barnes, the relaxed view promoted by Patricia White and the idea of forgiving the unforgivable discussed by Jacques Derrida. I shall examine the tradition from which they emerge and explore some of their problems. This will lead me to a rehabilitation of what is other to that tradition (within and without)—an other that can serve as a corrective to the problems of those positions. I shall conclude the article with an exposition of the radicalisation of the teaching of forgiveness if we focus on the perspective of the one who seeks forgiveness.     

One hundred years of Bohr model

In this article I shall present a brief review of the hundred-year young Bohr model of the atom. In particular, I will first introduce the Thomson and the Rutherford models of atoms, their shortcomings and then discuss in some detail the development of the atomic model by Niels Bohr. Further, I will mention its refinements at the hand of Sommerfeld and also its shortcomings. Finally, I will discuss the implication of this model in the development of quantum mechanics.     

Theme C: the social implications of the activities of the engineer

In this report I shall simply attempt to give you an idea of the purport of these debates. On no account can I deal in detail with the contributions, nor can I do their quality justice. In the absence of our Indian friends (Arunachalam of Madras) we have had the privilege of benefitting from an introduction with Professor Lemoigne's paper. He set the scene for us remarkably well and gave us a referential lexical framework that was to serve us throughout this session.     

Rawls' Theory of Justice and Citizenship Education

Political liberalism purports to be independent from any controversial philosophical presuppositions, and its basic principles and features are often presented as the most accommodating of difference and heterogeneity, so long as the latter is not illiberal, oppressive and fanatic. Educational theory welcomes this assumption and attempts to utilise it in citizenship curriculum debates, often in a receptive and arguably uncritical way. I shall critique the above by unveiling the contestable epistemological and anthropological theses underlying Rawls' difference principle and by discussing the conception of education that they ground. I shall draw especially on sociology of education and its questioning of the 'racism of intelligence' in order to show that political liberalism mistakes its self- and world-understanding as a reflection of general and undisputed facts. Further, I shall explain how a more critical perspective would give educational theory a more active role by challenging the so-called 'reproductive' conception of education. I shall conclude by assessing the significance of such a critique for teaching citizenship, putting forward some suggestions for a reorientation of political education.     

Experience in the Very Moment of Writing: Reconsidering Walter Benjamin's Theory of Mimesis

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ateleological moment of learning through imitation. In general, we can learn something new through imitating models we are given, which embody the values of our own society, culture and institutions. This means that imitation is understood in terms of the representation or reproduction of original models. In this understanding of imitation, however, the creative aspect of imitation is missed. In relation to this I shall, first, consider learning through imitation in terms of Walter Benjamin's theory of mimesis discussed in his essay, 'On the Mimetic Faculty.' It begins by examining general understanding of the concepts of experience and writing. Second and third, while reconsidering the idea of imitation, I shall bring out the difference between mimesis and copying, based on Plato and Aristotle, and I shall examine the former, especially its involuntary aspect. Fourth, in order to consider the ateleological moment of learning through imitation as mimesis, I discuss the relation between mimesis and the chance event. Fifth, Benjamin's allegorical 'anti-autobiography' entitled 'A Berlin Childhood around 1900', which ponders the idea of childhood as otherness is considered in order to explore what is happening in the very moment of writing, driven by the chance event. To conclude, I shall show how the very moment of writing involves an unceasing transformation of the self.     

Moral Consciousness in a Community of Inquiry

In this paper I shall first examine an apparent paradox in Confucius’ view on whether everyone is perfectible through education: on the one hand, he states that education should be provided to all, on the other hand, he says that common people cannot be made to know things. To understand this apparent paradox, I shall argue that education for Confucius is primarily moral education, as he teaches his students to become virtuous persons. So the apparent paradox is really one about whether virtue can be taught. I shall argue in the last section that while Confucius’ answer to the question is affirmative, he does not think that virtue can be taught in the same way as theoretical knowledge or technical skills are taught. For Confucius, the most effective way to teach people to be virtuous is through personal example.     

“看”字译法种种

1．你喜欢看电视吗？ 2．我看天快要下雨了。 3．你把我看成什么人了？ 4．这要看你是什么意思。 5．不要把我当作小孩子看。 6．依我看来。这简直是胡闹。7．看来我们得走回去了。8．看在你父亲面上，这回我不开除你。9．李大夫把她的肺炎看好了。10．她看起来没有多大变化。     

不言放弃

不要忘记,在人生的路上,要想做成什么事,我们必须持之以恒。如果我们在学校里想要学好功课,就必须得勤奋,任何时候遇到难题都不要放弃。     

Philosophy as Education and Education as Philosophy: Democracy and Education from Dewey to Cavell

In the contemporary culture of accountability and the 'economy' of education this generates, pragmatism, as a philosophy for ordinary practice, needs to resist the totalising force of an ideology of practice, one that distracts us from the rich qualities of daily experience. In response to this need, and in mobilising Dewey's pragmatism, this paper introduces another standpoint in American philosophy: Stanley Cavell's account of the economy of living in Thoreau's Walden. By discussing some aspects of Cavell's The Senses of Walden that suggest both apparent similarities and radical differences between Thoreau and Dewey, I shall argue that Cavell discovers rich dimensions of practice in Thoreau's American philosophy, ones that are overshadowed in Dewey's pragmatism: that he demonstrates another way of 'making a difference in practice'. Cavell, as a critical interlocutor of Dewey, from within American philosophy, offers a way of using language in resistance to the rhetoric of accountability and in service to the creation of democracy as a way of life. I shall conclude by suggesting that the enriched tradition of American philosophy from Dewey to Cavell is to be found in their promotion of philosophy as education and education as philosophy.     

Books for Younger Secondary School Children in a Multi-racial Classroom

In this article I want to discuss some conclusions I have reached about using books with younger pupils in a multi-racial classroom. I shall have to make some general points about underlying approaches. Since I work in a general studies programme with first year pupils, I also want to comment in passing on some implications for teaching in history and geography.     

Comprehensive secondary education and middle schools in Belgium

Most of the middle schools in Belgium are two-year schools that form a link between the six years of elementary education and the last four years of secondary education. In Flanders they are regarded as an example of the more global reform of the secondary educational system in a comprehensive sense.First I shall outline the new system of secondary education as it took shape in the beginning of the 1970s, thereby focusing on the first two years — the so-called observation stage. I shall then sketch the development of renewed secondary education and the current situation. In this connection I shall deal with the middle school and the innovation strategy that was followed. Thirdly a report will be given of the research so far carried out.As appears from this contribution, the changes in and the adoption of the new educational structure have not always led to a new school structure and a new school culture. In general, the movement towards moderate comprehensiveness has had only a limited effect on the behaviour of the teachers; there are more indications of effects on the school career of the students.     

Bodies,identities and performances: reconfiguring the language of gender and schooling

In this paper I seek to address a series of tensions in the ways we think, write and speak about gender in classrooms and playgrounds, and in the language we use to describe children and their behaviour. I shall examine some of the concepts we use for describing gender relations among children and consider the extent to which they are still useful. My main focus is on hegemonic masculinity; the female as Other; and ‘doing’ boy or girl, masculinity or femininity. I conclude that we need to take the language we use extremely seriously, and that in our work we need to primarily be focused on ensuring that all children are able to have ‘livable lives’ in school and elsewhere.     

教师素质是学生“四会”的前提

现代教育与教学必须使学生学会认知、学会做事、学会共处、学会成长 ,而要学生“四会” ,首先必须提高教师的素质。教师则应通过自我的终身学习和角色的变化来提高自身的素质     

Āryabhata and axial rotation of Earth

Āryabhata (born 476 CE) is regarded as a pioneer of mathematical astronomy in ancient India. In this three-part article, I shall discuss one important contribution of Āryabhata in astronomy involving the least technical background —the principle of axial rotation (Part 1) and computations on the sidereal day (Part 2). Portions of 4 verses, pertaining to Earth’s rotation, from his famous treatise Āryabhatīya will be quoted. In Part 3, I shall give a brief historical account on the concept of axial rotation of Earth.     

对不起

“对不起,夫人,为您孩子拔牙我要收取20美元。” “20美元!为什么？,不是说好只要4美元。” “是的,但是你的孩子大喊大叫,把另外四个病人吓跑了。”     

The idea of quality in higher education: a conceptual approach

The paper suggests that the idea of quality in higher education is ideologically constructed and conducted. In a spiral of mutual reinforcements, quality regimes naturalise experience, while the theories of that practice legitimise the naturalness of ‘quality’. I shall suggest that quality regimes provide too narrow readings of higher education. The central concepts, which I propose to use – discourse and power – emphasise the connectedness of ideology and quality in higher education. In particular, I suggest that the ideological character of the idea of quality in higher education is evident in discourses – which themselves are interlinked in networks. These discourses and networks are backed up by power and this helps to sustain their ideological character. Thus, this paper attempts two things: to outline a conceptual framework concerning the ideological character of the idea of quality in higher education and to draw attention to the organisation of that ideological formation.