Cognitive and Developmental Effects on Item Performance in Intelligence and Achievement Tests for Young Children

Performance on items in intelligence and achievement tests can be represented in terms of child development and information processes. Research is reviewed on item performance that supports developmental and information processing effects, particularly in children. Some suggestions for item development in intelligence and achievement tests are presented.     

关于小学课堂教学控制的分析

课堂教学过程是在教师有计划、有目的的指导下,学习者发生认知的过程,也是他们身心发展并形成一定思想品质的过程。这个过程的本质是教师作为施控者对受制者的某种控制活动过程,通过施控者的有效控制,课堂教学的功能得以发挥。分析小学课堂教学过程中的教学控制,提升教师的认识与教学水平。     

小学课堂教学中的问题设计与呈现

小学课堂教学中,教师总会呈现一些问题,它们一般以提问、作业、质疑、讨论的形式出现在课堂教学活动中。课堂呈现的这些问题一般都是教师事先设计好了的,它的出现有助于学习者学习的成功。     

Using the Multiple Intelligences to Enhance Instruction for Young Children and Young Children with Disabilities

The theory of the multiple intelligences are discussed in relation to working with young children and young children with disabilities. A rationale for the use of the multiple intelligences is discussed as well as practical suggestions on how they can be incorporated into early childhood programs.     

Effective Education for Young Children in Primary Schools

This ongoing Dutch study into the school careers of young children in primary schools has focused in part on the influence of school and class organisation on linguistic and cognitive development. In the first year of the study, data on the school and class characteristics were gathered in 28 primary schools by means of questionnaires, interviews, journals and observation. A multi-level analysis shows that differences in pupil achievements between classes already exist at the beginning of primary school, but that these differences are, to a large extent, explained by the characteristics of the pupils’ backgrounds. The Dutch vocabulary of pupils at the end of their first year is mainly determined by earlier linguistic achievement and the ethnicity and SES of the pupil, rather than the school or class organisation. The scores on a performance intelligence test (block patterns) at the end of the first year could not be exclusively explained by the pupils’ background characteristics but also by some school characteristics.     

Motivation and Self-Regulation as Predictors of Achievement in Economically Disadvantaged Young Children

The primary purpose of the present study was to better understand the roles of motivation and self-regulated task behavior for early school achievement differences among young, economically at-risk and not-at-risk children. Of the at-risk participants, 43 were 5-6-year-olds and 42 were 7-8-year-olds. Of the not-at-risk participants, 21 were 6-year-olds, and 21 were 8-year-olds. Results of the study showed that child-and-teacher-reported motivation levels were comparable among the at-risk and the not-at-risk children. However, the at-risk children showed poorer abilities to regulate their task attention than the not-at-risk children did. In addition, younger at-risk children's achievement scores were predicted by their levels of attention-regulation abilities. Results are discussed in relation to the importance of at-risk children's attention-regulation skills.     

加拿大小学的学生成绩评定及课程评介研究——安大略省的案例

本文对加拿大安大略省小学四年级学生的成绩报告单作了简单介绍,并借此评析了安大略省小学课程的特点和学生成绩评定特点。     

Teacher Behaviors Related to the Mathematical Achievement of Young Children

Abstract

Some scholars argue that the effects of small classes in the early grades are not cumulative—that the benefits of small classes accrue in the 1st year of small classes. That argument suggests both policy implications and scientific questions of why additional benefits should not accrue from additional exposure to small classes. In this article, the cumulative effects of small classes on achievement were investigated with data from Project STAR, a 4-year, large-scale randomized experiment on the effects of class size. Controlling for achievement in the previous-year small classes in Grades 1, 2, and 3 yielded additional positive effects on reading and mathematics achievement. Thus, there are additional (cumulative) effects of small classes after the 1st year that may be large enough to be important for education policy.     

Cognitive and Attitudinal Predictors Related to Line Graphing Achievement among Elementary Pre-service Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which six cognitive and attitudinal variables predicted pre-service elementary teachers’ (N = 87) performance on line graphing. Predictors included reading comprehension and mathematics scores, logical thinking performance scores, as well as measures of attitudes toward science, mathematics and graphing. Results indicated that mathematical and logical thinking ability were the most significant predictors of line graph performance among the other variables, accounting for 41% of the total variability. Findings from this study suggest that elementary science education programs augment instruction to include aspects of mathematics and logical thinking.     

中小学青年体育教师专业成长的几点建议

研究中小学青年体育教师专业成长的快速之道,对中小学体育教学质量的提高、学校体育工作的发展有着重要的意义。通过文献资料法、调查法之研,建议：中小学青年体育教师应加强自身素质修养,严谨生活、工作作风,爱岗敬业,乐于奉献;在体育课教学上,多观摩学习和争取参赛全国、省、市、县举办的中小学体育教学展示课,提高自身体育课堂教学能力和教学水平;组织好学校课外体育活动和带好学校课余运动代表队训练;积极参加学校体育科研;加入体育学术组织,通过组织锻炼培养造就专业水平提高,从而快速走出自己的专业成长之路。     

Foreign Language Study in Elementary Schools: Benefits and Implications for Achievement in Reading and Math

Educators and policy makers in many countries have been expressing concern about how to improve students’ achievement in reading and math. This article explores and proposes a solution: introduce or increase foreign language study in the elementary schools. Research has shown that foreign language study in the early elementary years improves cognitive abilities, positively influences achievement in other disciplines, and results in higher achievement test scores in reading and math. Successful foreign language programs for elementary schools include immersion, FLES, and FLEX programs.     

打工子弟学校班级气氛的特点

考察打工子弟学校班级气氛的特点,并与城市公立学校和农村公立学校进行比较.结果发现:(1)对于五年级男生,城市公立学校班级气氛总分显著高于打工子弟学校和农村公立学校,后两者没有显著差异;对于五年级女生,三类学校班级气氛不存在显著差异;(2)对于六年级学生,城市公立学校班级气氖总分显著高于打工子弟学校和农村学校,后两者没有显著差异;(3)打工子弟学校的班级气氛总分和内聚力维度得分存在显著的年级和性别因素交互作用,具体表现为五年级女生得分显著高于男生,六年级性别差异不显著;男生六年级得分显著高于五年级,女生年级差异不显著.     

中小学课题研究成果文本表达问题探讨

中小学课题研究成果文本表达中出现的主要问题有:研究价值不显、效度与信度的证明缺乏、可参照性差、文本缺乏整合、内容欠完整、格式不够规范等问题。只有正视这些问题,并加以纠正,中小学课题研究才能得到更好的发展。     

儿童数学认知策略的特点及其教育启示

在学习策略中,认知策略处于核心地位。学习策略水平的提高是认知策略发展的结果。加涅认为“认知策略”是“学习者用于支配自己心智加工过程的内部组织技能,它是处理内部世界的能力,是学习者自我控制和调节的能力”。加涅和布鲁纳等人的研究发现即使学生同样程度的掌握了概念和与环境相互作用的技能,由于不同学生采用认知策略不同,他们在解决问题的能力上就表现出很大的差异。     

学习障碍儿童的认知特征及教育矫治

学习障碍已成为当今学龄儿童常见的问题,并引起国内外各界研究者的高度重视。言语型学习障碍的认知特征及影响因素主要表现在视觉一空间、语言、抽象信息等方面;非言语型学习障碍儿童认知特征及影响因素主要表现在视觉和空间、性格和行为、社会认知等方面。对学习障碍的教育矫治需要学校、老师和家长的共同努力。     

日本小学国语学习指导要领价值取向研究

战后60余年,日本小学国语学习指导要领价值取向不断变化与丰富。战后持续关注"言语能力",20世纪90年代开始重视"个性表现",进入21世纪,其课程价值取向进一步走向开放,关注学生现实生活并为学生现实生活服务。