组织忘却、知识搜寻与绿色创新

组织忘却对创新的促进作用已受到关注,但鲜有文献研究组织忘却与绿色创新的关系,也甚少有学者分析知识搜寻在组织忘却与绿色创新关系中的作用。在相关文献研究的基础上,将知识搜寻分为广度知识搜寻和深度知识搜寻,以知识搜寻为中介变量,通过211家企业的问卷调查,运用层次回归分析方法,对组织忘却、知识搜寻与绿色创新关系展开实证研究。研究发现：组织忘却对绿色创新、广度知识搜寻和深度知识搜寻均有显著的正向影响,广度知识搜寻和深度知识搜寻对绿色创新有积极影响,广度知识搜寻和深度知识搜寻在组织忘却与绿色创新关系中起完全中介作用,深度知识搜寻在组织忘却与绿色创新关系中的中介效应大于广度知识搜寻的中介效应。     

Complexity, networks and knowledge flow

Because knowledge plays an important role in the creation of wealth, economic actors often wish to skew the flow of knowledge in their favor. We ask, when will an actor socially close to the source of some knowledge have the greatest advantage over distant actors in receiving and building on the knowledge? Marrying a social network perspective with a view of knowledge transfer as a search process, we argue that the value of social proximity to the knowledge source depends crucially on the nature of the knowledge at hand. Simple knowledge diffuses equally to close and distant actors because distant recipients with poor connections to the source of the knowledge can compensate for their limited access by means of unaided local search. Complex knowledge resists diffusion even within the social circles in which it originated. With knowledge of moderate complexity, however, high-fidelity transmission along social networks combined with local search allows socially proximate recipients to receive and extend knowledge generated elsewhere, while interdependencies stymie more distant recipients who rely heavily on unaided search. To test this hypothesis, we examine patent data and compare citation rates across proximate and distant actors on three dimensions: (1) the inventor collaboration network; (2) firm membership; and (3) geography. We find robust support for the proposition that socially proximate actors have the greatest advantage over distant actors for knowledge of moderate complexity. We discuss the implications of our findings for the distribution of intra-industry profits, the geographic agglomeration of industries, the design of social networks within firms, and the modularization of technologies.     

On industrial knowledge bases,commercial opportunities and global innovation network linkages

It is commonly argued that we are witnessing a shift from global production networks, driven by the search for markets and lower cost production sites, to global innovation networks (GINs), driven by the search for knowledge. This paper explores how sources of behavioural differentiation derived from the literature on industrial knowledge bases and technological regimes condition the degree of involvement in international innovation collaboration. We find this to be significantly influenced by the nature of knowledge and the cumulativeness of knowledge development, the active use of measures to protect intellectual property, the inherent need to innovate and the opportunity to generate sales from this activity. The likelihood that the firm establishes and maintains a truly global network configuration is influenced accordingly.     

多元视角下基于KMS的知识共享关键影响因素研究

基于社会技术系统观点从个人、社会、组织和技术四个层面建立KMS中知识共享理论模型并试图发现影响知识共享的关键影响因素。采用社会资本理论、认知理论等多元理论视角从四个层面建立基于KMS知识共享的因素模型,通过运用PLS结构方程对来自97家企业183个有效样本的实证研究表明,虽然各层面的变量都对因变量具有显著作用,但社会资本对基于KMS知识共享效应最为显著,其次分别为个人、技术和组织层面。因此,企业应在综合管理措施基础上重点培育组织社会资本,并且利用基于Web 2.0等信息技术的KMS支持员工社会资本的发展促进知识共享,最后总结了知识分享管理中的两种误区。     

基于知识图谱的国际技术创新研究现状、热点和趋势

借助知识图谱的最新可视化技术,基于共引分析理论和寻径网络算法,把科学计量学与数学、计算机图形学结合,对Web of Science中2011年～2015年有关技术创新的11997篇文献为研究对象,利用可视化软件CiteSpace III,对核心期刊、重要作者,重要文献、研究热点做了分析,绘制出近五年国际技术创新领域的知识图谱,总结展示了国际技术创新领域近五年的发展态势和研究热点。通过探索分析,总结了当今国际技术创新研究的5大热点领域：“知识搜索”、“绿色技术”、“一般创新研究”、“市场前景”和“新技术的产生”,最后,对研究结果进行了讨论总结和展望。     

Moving skills from hands to heads: does importing technology affect export performance in textiles?

This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies.     

The ability of European regions to diversify in renewable energies: The role of technological relatedness

Despite the global consensus about the growing significance of renewables, the regional drivers of innovation in these unique and novel technologies have been widely neglected in the literature. In this paper, we show that renewable energy (RE) inventions differ from other green inventions in the knowledge recombination processes leading to their generation as well as in their impact on subsequent inventions. The evidence on these specificities of RE technologies allows us hypothesizing that regional branching in renewables may rely on relatedness differently than other non-RE green technologies. In checking this hypothesis, we use a data set spanning the period 1981-2015 covering 277 European NUTS2 regions in the EU28 countries plus Norway. We obtain that relatedness is highly relevant in explaining regional specialization in RE, and more relevant than for other green technologies, which we associate to the lower generality in their impact and the narrower scope of the knowledge from which they nurture. This conclusion is maintained when considering separately regions with high and low development levels. However, the impact of relatedness increases for RE as the regional economic development decreases, signalling that a low endowment of resources and capabilities does not allow the region to break from its past technological specialization, depending more on relatedness. This would not be the case for other green technologies, probably due to their higher level of generality and wider scope.     

社会资本、知识特性与企业知识创新——以科技型企业为对象

本研究以科技企业为对象,分析社会资本和知识特性对企业知识创新的影响。为了解决这个问题,本文包括了三个目标：分析了社会资本对企业知识创新的影响;分析了知识隐性和多样性对企业知识创新的影响;分析了社会资本调节作用下,知识隐性和多样性对企业知识创新的影响。通过对科技型企业知识创新影响因素模型的构建．为下一步研究的开展奠定基础。     

创业企业自主研发、外部搜寻模式选择研究

自主研发与外部搜寻是科技型创业企业实现知识创新的重要途径。科技型创业企业在资源约束前提下,存在着自主研发模式与外部搜寻模式间的选择难题。为解释拥有不同知识结构的创业企业在发现技术机会的条件下自主研发与外部搜寻的战略选择问题,本文基于资源-机会一体化视角,利用阶层式回归和分组回归等分析方法对科技型创业企业知识基础、技术机会对其自主研发与外部搜寻的影响过程进行了实证分析。分析结果显示：高知识基础广度对于自主研发与外部搜寻均具有显著的正向影响,但是影响系数存在明显差距,知识基础广度对于自主研发促进作用明显高于其对外部搜寻的促进作用。高知识基础深度对于外部搜寻战略具有显著的正向影响,但对于自主研发战略的影响不显著。技术机会对于自主研发战略和外部搜寻战略均具有显著的正向影响。知识基础广度与技术机会的匹配对于自主研发战略的选择具有显著的正向影响的,对于外部搜寻战略的影响不显著;知识基础宽度与技术机会的匹配对于外部搜寻策略具有显著的正向影响,对于自主研发战略的影响不显著。在技术机会识别的条件下,高知识基础广度的企业倾向于自主研发战略,而高技术深度的企业倾向于外部搜寻战略。     

The impacts of science and technology policy interventions on university research: Evidence from the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative

We examine how the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a recent U.S. government science and technology (S&T) program launched in 2000, affects the nature of university research in nanotechnology. We characterize the NNI as a policy intervention that targets the commercialization of technology and a focused research direction to promote national economic growth. As such, we expect that the NNI has brought about unintended consequences in the direction of university–industry knowledge flows and the characteristics of university research output in nanotechnology. Using a difference-in-differences analysis of U.S. nanotechnology patents filed between 1996 and 2007, we find that, after the NNI, U.S. universities have significantly increased knowledge inflows from the industry, reduced the branching-out to novel technologies, narrowed down the research scope, and become less likely to generate technological breakthroughs, as compared to other U.S. and non-U.S. research institutions. Our findings suggest that, at least in the case of the NNI, targeted government S&T programs may increase the efficiency of university research, but potentially do so at a price.     

创新网络技术多元化、知识基础与企业创新绩效

在新一轮科技革命浪潮下,企业组建创新联合体成为大势所趋。合作创新网络中的多元化技术已经成为企业创新的关键外部资源,但关于创新网络技术多元化如何影响企业创新绩效的研究仍然缺乏,且现有研究往往忽略企业内外部资源的不同组合对企业创新绩效可能产生的差异性影响。文章融合社会网络理论、知识基础理论与动态能力理论,依据信息技术产业上市公司联合申请专利数据构建合作创新网络,采用面板数据随机效应负二项回归法,从个体网络视角分析创新网络技术多元化影响企业创新绩效的权变因素与内在机制,检验了一个被中介的调节效应模型。研究结果表明：创新网络技术多元化正向影响企业创新绩效;企业知识基础深度正向调节创新网络技术多元化与企业创新绩效的关系,而企业知识基础宽度的调节效应并不显著;企业知识基础深度对创新网络技术多元化与企业创新绩效关系的调节通过吸收能力的中介实现。研究结论对企业技术创新具有重要的理论及现实指导意义。     

创新源分散化与企业知识搜索开放度关系研究

为探讨创新源分散化趋势下,不同类型企业知识搜索开放度的策略制定。本文从专利的角度出发,探讨创新源分散化与企业知识搜索开放度的关系,同时探究了企业技术多样性、企业规模这两个变量对上述关系的调节作用。通过专利的数据的实证检验得出,创新源分散化对企业知识搜索宽度有正向影响作用,而对知识搜索深度有负向影响作用,同时技术多样性先促进创新源分散化程度对企业知识搜索宽度的正向影响作用,后抑制这种作用;企业规模促进创新源分散化对企业知识搜索宽度的正向影响作用,抑制创新源分散化对企业知识搜索深度的负向影响作用。     

The determinants of AI innovation across European firms

Using patent data for a panel sample of European companies between 1995 and 2016 we explore whether the inventive success in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is related to earlier firms’ innovation in the area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and identify which company characteristics and external factors shape this performance. We show that AI innovation presents strong dynamic returns (learning effects) and benefits from complementaries with knowledge earlier developed in the area of network and communication technologies, high-speed computing and data analysis, and more recently cognition and imaging. AI patent productivity increases with the scale of firm innovation, and is lower for companies with narrow technological competences. There is evidence of knowledge spillovers from ICT innovators to AI innovators, but this effect is confined to the frontier firms of the new technological field. Our findings suggest that, with the take-off of the new technology, the technological lead of top AI innovators has increased due to the accumulation of internal competences and the expanding knowledge base. These trends help explain the concentration process of the world’s data market.     

The scientific and technological cross-space: Is technological diversification driven by scientific endogenous capacity?

The principle of relatedness allows us to explore the likelihood that territories diversify their current technological portfolios based on the global co-occurrence patterns of technologies. Countries that excel at developing semiconductors should develop mobile phones because both technologies require similar endogenous capacities, including scientific knowledge. However, thus far, studies have been mostly limited to the knowledge common base assumption and have not questioned enough whether different scientific endogenous capacities may be behind similar diversification performances. To address this question, we introduce the concept of scientific and technological cross-density, which we define as the average proximity of a new potential technology to a country's scientific and technological portfolio. To conceptualize and measure the effect that scientific and technological cross-density may have on technological diversification, we applied a two-stage methodology to a sample of 182 countries during the 1988–2014 period. First, we build a network, the science and technology cross-space, (sci-tech cross-space), which relates knowledge and technologies based on co-occurrence values. Second, we estimate the effect of scientific-technological cross-density and technological density on technological diversification at the country level. We find that the more a new technology is related to a country's scientific portfolio, the greater its entry probability; additionally, the effect of technological density on technological diversification is greater than the effect of scientific and technological density.     

知识溢出跨地域边界的影响因素研究——以生物技术产业为例

基于1999—2014年美国专利数据,以采集的764个中国生物技术专利为研究对象,从微观专利技术视角,探讨知识产生跨地域影响的决定因素。实证结果发现专利的科技关联度与知识溢出本地化呈现U型关系,而专利的合作开发对知识本地化溢出具有负向影响。     

Sources of knowledge acquisition and patterns of knowledge-sharing behaviors—An empirical study of Taiwanese high-tech firms

The new knowledge acquisition and sharing stage represents the start of the organization's overall knowledge creation process. It is especially important for contributing to the critical foundation of organizational knowledge creation. This study explores the relationship between employees’ knowledge acquisition sources and the patterns of knowledge-sharing behaviors. We use structural equation modeling to test a sample of R&D professionals from high-tech companies in Taiwan. Data analysis suggests that most employees prefer to acquire knowledge from, and share knowledge with, their team members. This implies that greater familiarity between team members and strengthened cooperative relationships foster productivity. Furthermore, employees should be encouraged to participate in professional communities in order to acquire new knowledge. Knowledge acquired via these channels will facilitate the sharing of R&D knowledge within the organization.     

Protecting knowledge: How legal requirements to reveal information affect the importance of secrecy

Most firms use secrecy to protect their knowledge from potential imitators. However, the theoretical foundations for secrecy have not been well explored. We extend knowledge protection literature and propose theoretical mechanisms explaining how information visibility influences the importance of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument. Building on mechanisms from information economics and signaling theory, we postulate that secrecy is more important for protecting knowledge for firms that have legal requirements to reveal information to shareholders. Furthermore, we argue that this effect is contingent on the location in a technological cluster, on a firm’s investment in fixed assets and on a firm’s past innovation performance. We test our hypotheses using a representative sample of 683 firms in Germany between 2005 and 2013. Our results support the moderation effect of a technological cluster and a firm’s investment in fixed assets. Our findings inform both academics and managers on how firms balance information disclosure requirements with the use of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument.     

19世纪英人在华植物实用知识的采集与阐释——以《实用知识传播学会的便士百科全书》“茶”词条为例

以《实用知识传播学会的便士百科全书》中有关中国的植物知识为研究对象,选取相关度较高的植物词条进行分析,发现英国人更加关注物种的多样性与文化的多样性。通过“茶”词条这一个案,具体分析中国茶知识内容、知识来源、与中国传统茶知识的差异比较;进而得出结论认为,在英国海外知识采集背景下,在华英国商人、传教士、学者在知识的形成过程中提供了重要的知识来源,在知识的阐释与传播过程中,形成了一个相对完整的知识传递链。     

Knowledge space oddity: How to increase the intensity and relevance of the technological progress of European regions

This work contributes to previous research on the relationship between specific features of a regional knowledge space and the technological progress of the region. In particular, the main element of originality of this work is to have singled out the determinants of the technological progress intensity and relevance. We acknowledge the importance of knowledge assets for new knowledge production, and we identify path-dependent processes that allow a region to become increasingly competitive in terms of innovation potential. In particular, adopting an evolutionary view of regional development, we describe the regional knowledge space through four crucial characteristics: 1) technological knowledge base, 2) technological cumulativeness, 3) technological diversification, and 4) technological relatedness. We then measure to what extent each of the knowledge space’s characteristics differently affects the technological progress intensity and relevance of the region. A longitudinal study of 269 European regions over the period 1996–2012 was organized using data from REGPAT and Eurostat databases. Results show that technological relatedness affects positively both the intensity and relevance of the technological progress of European regions and that the other components of the knowledge space show a different impact on the two features of the technological progress. Finally, implications for EU policies supporting and stimulating regional technological progress are discussed.     

Inferring user knowledge level from eye movement patterns

The acquisition of information and the search interaction process is influenced strongly by a person’s use of their knowledge of the domain and the task. In this paper we show that a user’s level of domain knowledge can be inferred from their interactive search behaviors without considering the content of queries or documents. A technique is presented to model a user’s information acquisition process during search using only measurements of eye movement patterns. In a user study (n = 40) of search in the domain of genomics, a representation of the participant’s domain knowledge was constructed using self-ratings of knowledge of genomics-related terms (n = 409). Cognitive effort features associated with reading eye movement patterns were calculated for each reading instance during the search tasks. The results show correlations between the cognitive effort due to reading and an individual’s level of domain knowledge. We construct exploratory regression models that suggest it is possible to build models that can make predictions of the user’s level of knowledge based on real-time measurements of eye movement patterns during a task session.