Correlates of simulated hill climb cycling performance

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between several commonly used aerobic and anaerobic cycle ergometer tests and performance during a treadmill cycling hill climb. Eight competitive cyclists (age 27+/-7 years; body mass 73.2+/-5.2 kg; height 177+/-6 cm; mean +/- s) completed six tests in random order: a lactate minimum test; a Wingate anaerobic power test; and two 6-km climbs at 6% and two 1-km climbs at 12% gradient performed on a motorized treadmill. The mean times and power outputs for the 6-km and 1-km climbs were 16:30+/-1:08 min: s and 330+/-17.8 W, and 4:19+/-0:27 min: s and 411+/-24.4 W, respectively. The best individual predictor of 6-km and 1-km performance times was the time for the corresponding climb at the other distance (r = 0.97). The next strongest predictor of both hill climb performances was the average power produced during the Wingate test divided by body mass. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the two variables contributing most to the prediction equation for both climbs were the Wingate average power per unit of body mass and maximal aerobic power divided by total mass (rider + bike), which together accounted for 92 and 96% of the variability in the 6-km and 1-km climbs. In conclusion, among competitive cyclists, the Wingate average power per unit of body mass was the best single predictor of simulated cycling hill climb performance at the distance and gradient used.     

Mechanically braked Wingate powers: agreement between SRM, corrected and conventional methods of measurement

In this study, we assessed the agreement between the powers recorded during a 30 s upper-body Wingate test using three different methods. Fifty-six men completed a single test on a Monark 814E mechanically braked ergometer fitted with a Schoberer Rad Messtechnik (SRM) powermeter. A commercial software package (Wingate test kit version 2.21, Cranlea, UK) was used to calculate conventional and corrected (with accelerative forces) values of power based on a resistive load (5% body mass) and flywheel velocity. The SRM calculated powers based on torque (measured at the crank arm) and crank rate. Values for peak 1 and 5 s power and mean 30 s power were measured. No significant differences (P >0.05) were found between the three methods for 30 s power values. However, the corrected values for peak 1 and 5 s power were 36 and 23% higher (P <0.05) respectively than those for the conventional method, and 27 and 16% higher (P <0.05) respectively than those for the SRM method. The conventional and SRM values for peak 1 and 5 s power were similar (P >0.05). Power values recorded using each method were influenced by sample time (P <0.05). Our results suggest that these three measures of power are similar when sampled over 30 s, but discrepancies occur when the sample time is reduced to either 1 or 5 s.     

Acute and chronic effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on Wingate test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the acute and chronic effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) ingestion on Wingate performance. Following a search through PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, 9 studies were found meeting inclusion criteria (6 acute and 3 chronic). Random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean difference (SMD) for peak and mean power was performed. Study quality was assessed using the QualSyst. Results of the meta-analysis showed that acute ingestion of NaHCO₃ did not improve Wingate test peak (weighted average effect size Hedges’s g = 0.02, 95%CI: – 0.19 to 0.23, P = 0.87) or mean power (weighted average effect size Hedges’s g = 0.15, 95%CI: ?0.06 to 0.36, P = 0.92). However, chronic ingestion of NaHCO₃ improved Wingate test peak (weighted average effect size Hedges’s g = 1.21, 95%CI: 0.83 to 1.42, P = 0.001) and mean power (weighted average effect size Hedges’s g = 1.26, 95%CI: 0.96 to 1.56, P = 0.001). Quality assessment of selected articles was classified as strong. This meta-analysis provides evidence that chronic, but not acute, ingestion of NaHCO₃ increases both Wingate test peak and mean power.     

Mechanically braked Wingate powers: agreement between SRM,corrected and conventional methods of measurement

In this study, we assessed the agreement between the powers recorded during a 30?s upper-body Wingate test using three different methods. Fifty-six men completed a single test on a Monark 814E mechanically braked ergometer fitted with a Schoberer Rad Messtechnik (SRM) powermeter. A commercial software package (Wingate test kit version 2.21, Cranlea, UK) was used to calculate conventional and corrected (with accelerative forces) values of power based on a resistive load (5% body mass) and flywheel velocity. The SRM calculated powers based on torque (measured at the crank arm) and crank rate. Values for peak 1 and 5?s power and mean 30?s power were measured. No significant differences (P?>0.05) were found between the three methods for 30?s power values. However, the corrected values for peak 1 and 5?s power were 36 and 23% higher (P?<0.05) respectively than those for the conventional method, and 27 and 16% higher (P?<0.05) respectively than those for the SRM method. The conventional and SRM values for peak 1 and 5?s power were similar (P?>0.05). Power values recorded using each method were influenced by sample time (P?<0.05). Our results suggest that these three measures of power are similar when sampled over 30?s, but discrepancies occur when the sample time is reduced to either 1 or 5?s.     

Description of a Low Cost Microcomputer System Interfaced to Exercise Stress Testing Equipment

Abstract

In recent years the classic Margaria step-test for anaerobic power has been largely replaced by bicycle ergometer tests, the most popular of these being the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the WAnT and sprint-run times and to determine the influence of age and weight on the WAnT scores. The 56 male volunteers (age 10–15 years) recruited from a track club and junior high school represented a wide range of athletic abilities. Subjects were tested for anaerobic power (5 sec output) and capacity (30 sec output) using the Wingate test procedures. Wingate scores for anaerobic power and capacity were only moderately correlated with 50 yd dash times (r = ?.53 and ?.53) and with the 600 yd run (r = ?.26 and ?.29). Partial correlations between these variables were lower when age adjusted and higher when adjusted for body weight. Results of this study indicate that the Wingate anaerobic test is only a moderate predictor of dash or run times, but becomes a stronger predictor when WAnT scores are adjusted for body weight. The high correlation of the WAnT with body weight must be taken into account when comparing the anaerobic capacity of individuals. The standing long jump would be the preferred field test of sprint-related ability because of its simplicity, but the Wingate lest has the advantage of providing a quantitative measurement of anaerobic fitness.     

山西省青少年武术套路运动员无氧能力特征的研究

文章通过对山西省武术管理中心16名青少年武术套路运动员进行了无氧功测试、血乳酸测试,测试所获数据采用秩和检验进行组间均数比较,并对wingate结果和血乳酸结果进行相关性检验,得出结论：（1）青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力并不是影响成绩的主要因素。（2）青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力相比体能占主导的无氧运动而言较差。（3）wingate测试的各项指标采用其体重相对值更能反映运动员之间无氧能力的差别。（4）运动后7分钟的血乳酸水平可以反应青少年武术套路运动员的无氧能力水平。     

Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to predict indoor rowing performance in 12 competitive female rowers (age 21.3 +/- 3.6 years, height 1.68 +/- 0.54 m, body mass 67.1 +/- 11.7 kg; mean +/- s) using a 30 s rowing sprint, maximal oxygen uptake and the blood lactate response to submaximal rowing. Blood lactate and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured during a discontinuous graded exercise test on a Concept II rowing ergometer incremented by 25 W for each 2 min stage; the highest VO2 measured during the test was recorded as VO2max (mean = 3.18 +/- 0.35 l.min-1). Peak power (380 +/- 63.2 W) and mean power (368 +/- 60.0 W) were determined using a modified Wingate test protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Rowing performance was based on the results of the 2000 m indoor rowing championship in 1997 (466.8 +/- 12.3 s). Laboratory testing was performed within 3 weeks of the rowing championship. Submitting mean power (Power), the highest and lowest five consecutive sprint power outputs (Maximal and Minimal), percent fatigue in the sprint test (Fatigue), VO2max (l.min-1), VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1), VO2 at the lactate threshold, power at the lactate threshold (W), maximal lactate concentration, lactate threshold (percent VO2max) and VEmax (l.min-1) to a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced the following model to predict 2000 m rowing performance: Time2000 = -0.163 (Power) -14.213.(VO2max l.min-1) +0.738.(Fatigue) 7.259 (R2 = 0.96, standard error = 2.89). These results indicate that, in the women studied, 75.7% of the variation in 2000 m indoor rowing performance time was predicted by peak power in a rowing Wingate test, while VO2max and fatigue during the Wingate test explained an additional 12.1% and 8.2% of the variance, respectively.     

Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis

The positive effects of caffeine ingestion on aerobic performance are well-established; however, recent findings are suggesting that caffeine ingestion might also enhance components of anaerobic performance. A commonly used test of anaerobic performance and power output is the 30-second Wingate test. Several studies explored the effects of caffeine ingestion on Wingate performance, with equivocal findings. To elucidate this topic, this paper aims to determine the effects of caffeine ingestion on Wingate performance using meta-analytic statistical techniques. Following a search through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SportDiscus^®, 16 studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria (pooled number of participants?=?246). Random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) for peak power output and mean power output was performed. Study quality was assessed using the modified version of the PEDro checklist. Results of the meta-analysis indicated a significant difference (p?=?.005) between the placebo and caffeine trials on mean power output with SMD values of small magnitude (0.18; 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.31; +3%). The meta-analysis performed for peak power output indicated a significant difference (p?=?.006) between the placebo and caffeine trials (SMD?=?0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.47 [moderate magnitude]; +4%). The results from the PEDro checklist indicated that, in general, studies are of good and excellent methodological quality. This meta-analysis adds on to the current body of evidence showing that caffeine ingestion can also enhance components of anaerobic performance. The results presented herein may be helpful for developing more efficient evidence-based recommendations regarding caffeine supplementation.     

青少年Wingate无氧功率与下肢骨骼、肌肉形态的关系

研究目的:探讨30秒Wingate无氧功率测试指标与骨骼、肌肉的形态的关系。研究对象与方法:29名19-21岁青少年参加测试,超声法测量小腿三头肌及其肌腱,常规方法测量其它形态学指标,Wingate法测量下肢无氧功率,运动5min后测取血乳酸值。结果:最高功率、最高功率/公斤体重、平均功率、平均功率/公斤体重男性均高于女性,WAT运动后5分血乳酸值男性显著高。结果表明:男性组瘦体重与平均功率显著正相关,女性组大、小腿围度与平均功率显著正相关,下肢肌肉骨骼的形态学指标与下肢无氧功率在两组间均无明显相关。     

Prediction of 2000 m indoor rowing performance using a 30 s sprint and maximal oxygen uptake

The aim of this study was to predict indoor rowing performance in 12 competitive female rowers (age 21.3 - 3.6 years, height 1.68 - 0.54 m, body mass 67.1 - 11.7 kg; mean - s ) using a 30 s rowing sprint, maximal oxygen uptake and the blood lactate response to submaximal rowing. Blood lactate and oxygen uptake ( V O 2 ) were measured during a discontinuous graded exercise test on a Concept II rowing ergometer incremented by 25 W for each 2 min stage; the highest V O 2 measured during the test was recorded as V O 2max (mean = 3.18 - 0.35 l· min -1 ). Peak power (380 - 63.2 W) and mean power (368 - 60.0 W) were determined using a modified Wingate test protocol on the Concept II rowing ergometer. Rowing performance was based on the results of the 2000 m indoor rowing championship in 1997 (466.8 - 12.3 s). Laboratory testing was performed within 3 weeks of the rowing championship. Submitting mean power (Power), the highest and lowest five consecutive sprint power outputs (Maximal and Minimal), percent fatigue in the sprint test (Fatigue), V O 2max (l· min -1 ), V O 2max (ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ), V O 2 at the lactate threshold, power at the lactate threshold (W), maximal lactate concentration, lactate threshold (percent V O 2max ) and V E max (l·min -1 ) to a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced the following model to predict 2000 m rowing performance: Time 2000 =- 0.163 (Power)14.213 ·( V O 2max l· min -1 ) + 0.738· (Fatigue) + 567.259 ( R 2 = 0.96, standard error = 2.89). These results indicate that, in the women studied, 75.7% of the variation in 2000 m indoor rowing performance time was predicted by peak power in a rowing Wingate test, while V O 2max and fatigue during the Wingate test explained an additional 12.1% and 8.2% of the variance, respectively.     

Changes in short-term power output in 10- to 12-year-olds

In this study, we used multi-level regression modelling to assess the influence of age, sex, body size, skinfold thicknesses, maturity, thigh muscle volume and isokinetic leg strength on the development of load- and inertia-adjusted peak (1 s) and mean power (30 s) determined using the Wingate anaerobic test. Fifteen males and 19 females were measured twice, first aged 10.0 +/- 0.3 years and then aged 11.8 +/- 0.3 years. Initial models identified body mass and height as significant explanatory variables (P < 0.05) for peak power and mean power, with an additional age effect for the former. No significant differences between the sexes or maturity effects were observed for either peak or mean power (P > 0.05). The introduction of sum of skinfolds improved the fit of the model and rendered the height term non-significant for both peak and mean power (P> 0.05). An age effect became apparent for mean power. When isokinetic leg strength and thigh muscle volume were entered into the model, the latter exerted a significant effect on both peak and mean power (P< 0.05), whereas isokinetic leg strength was not a significant explanatory variable for either (P> 0.05). In conclusion, thigh muscle volume exerts a positive influence on young people's short-term power output, which is additional to the effects of body mass, sum of skinfolds and age.     

广西壮族男大学生Wingate无氧工作能力的变化

以广西师范大学男学生为研究对象,测定30sWingate最大功率、平均功率和疲劳指数,观察壮族大学生无氧工作能力的变化,结果发现：最大功率并没有变化,平均功率从一至三年级下降,四年级上升,且在三年级时达到低值,疲劳指数在三年级上升到峰值,但没有统计学意义。     

Anaerobic capacity, isometric endurance, and Laser sailing performance

Laser sailors have to tolerate fatiguing contractions of the lower-body muscles for prolonged periods. The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate the difference between top-ranked and club sailors, in their capacity to resist fatigue during sustained isometric and maximal power exercise, and (2) to examine the relationships between the above parameters and performance on a Laser simulator and competitive racing performance according to the national ranking list. Eight Greek nationally ranked Laser sailors were compared with eight club sailors. Each sailor performed: (a) an effort to the limit of tolerance on the Laser simulator, (b) an effort to the limit of tolerance of isometric endurance for the right leg on an isokinetic dynamometer, and (c) a Wingate test of maximal lower-body anaerobic power on a cycle ergometer. In the nationally ranked sailors, isometric endurance time (mean 160 s, s = 50) and endurance time on the Laser simulator (1381 s, s = 1354) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than in the club sailors (101 s, s = 29 and 565 s, s = 367, respectively), whereas the final minute heart rate (in both groups: 149 beats . min(-1), s = 22) and the mean arterial pressure (nationally ranked sailors: 129 mmHg, s = 16; club sailors: 120 mmHg, s = 21) on the Laser simulator were not different between groups. During the Wingate test, the nationally ranked sailors had a significantly lower index of fatigue (42%, s = 5) than the club sailors (49%, s = 6). Isometric endurance time was significantly correlated with the Wingate index of fatigue (r = -0.73; P < 0.001). The nationally ranked sailors' mean and maximal anaerobic powers were significantly correlated with their national ranking positions (r = -0.83 and -0.71, respectively). It is suggested that isometric endurance and anaerobic power are well-developed in Laser class sailors and may influence their sailing performance. Furthermore, compared with club sailors, the nationally ranked sailors are able to sustain the same intensity of lower-limb isometric contractions for much longer with similar cardiovascular responses.     

Reliability and discriminative ability of a modified Wingate rowing test in 12- to 18-year-old rowers

We evaluated (1) the test-retest reliability of the Wingate test conducted on a rowing ergometer, and (2) the sensitivity of this test in determining the differences in performance attained by 12- to 18-year-old rowers. Altogether, 297 male rowers aged 12.0-18.9 years (mean?±?s: 14.8?±?1.7) completed a maximal 30-s test on a rowing ergometer, and 80 rowers representing all age groups were retested after 5-7 days. No change was evident in participants' performance in terms of mean power output (P?=?0.726; Cohen's d?=?0.04), maximal power output (P?=?0.567; Cohen's d?=?0.06), and minimum power output (P?=?0.318; Cohen's d?=?0.11) in the second test. The intra-class correlation coefficients were high (≥0.973) and coefficients of variation were low (≤7.3%). A series of analyses of variance were used to compare the performances among 12- to 18-year-old rowers, and age-related increases in performance were evident (P?相似文献   

Statistical Comprehension for Graduate Students in Physical Education: Test and Norms

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to construct for use by graduate students in physical education valid, reliable, and parallel forms of a test of statistical comprehension, and to develop norms to measure their level of understanding of the statistical techniques and methods that frequently appear in the RESEARCH QUARTERLY. Procedures utilized in constructing the final forms of the test were: (a) using members of the AAHPER Research Council to establish content specifications and to select specific concepts to be included in the test, (b) developing 180 experimental test items dealing with understanding of 60 statistical concepts, (c) administering three tryout test forms to 196 graduate students in physical education at 10 colleges or universities, (d) selecting, based on the tryout test data, and the table of specifications, 50 test items for each of two final test forms. Data used to evaluate the test forms and to establish norms were obtained from the administration of both forms of the test to 1,013 graduate students at 51 colleges and universities. For graduate students who have five or more semester hours of statistics and/or measurement courses, or more than 30 semester hours beyond the master's degree, the test has acceptable reliability (.79 to .91) and validity.     

No effect of acute ingestion of Thai ginseng ( Kaempferia parviflora ) on sprint and endurance exercise performance in humans

Abstract

Thai ginseng, Kaempferia parviflora, is widely believed among the Mong hill tribe to reduce perceived effort and improve physical work capacity. Kaempferia parviflora is consumed before their daily work. Therefore, we conducted an acute study on the effects of K. parviflora on repeated bouts of sprint exercise and on endurance exercise time to exhaustion. Two studies were conducted in college males using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Ninety minutes after consumption of K. parviflora or a starch placebo, participants in study 1 (n = 19) completed three consecutive maximum 30-s sprint cycling Wingate tests, separated by 3 min recovery, while participants in study 2 (n = 16) performed submaximal cycling exercise to exhaustion. Peak and mean power output decreased with successive Wingate tests, while percent fatigue and blood lactate concentration increased after the third Wingate test (P < 0.05). There were no detectable differences in any measures with or without K. parviflora. There was also no effect of K. parviflora on time to exhaustion, rating of perceived exertion or heart rate during submaximal exercise. Our results indicate that acute ingestion of K. parviflora failed to improve exercise performance during repeated sprint exercise or submaximal exercise to exhaustion. However, chronic effects or actions in other populations cannot be excluded.     

青年女子场地自行车运动员无氧能力初探

无氧代谢能力是指人体的肌肉组织在运动训练中通过无氧代谢供能系统提供三磷酸腺苷的极限能力,它代表着肌肉组织在无氧供能条件下的做功能力。因此无氧代谢能力对于短距离场地自行车运动员来说是非常重要的,糖酵解供能速率要比糖有氧氧化速率要高的多,30s的无氧功测试大强度运动中以糖酵解供能为主。通过30s Wingate试验测试可以迅速、全面、准确地掌握运动员的无氧运动能力水平。     

武术散打训练对人体无氧工作能力影响的研究

为探讨散打训练对人体无氧工作能力的影响，对40名体育教育专业武术散打训练学生进行Wingate无氧实验。结果表明，武术散打训练可提高人体无氧功率能力，加快运动启动速度；用Wingate无氧实验评价时，前10s无氧功率值的高低比其递增的幅度，更能反映散打训练效果；30sWingate无氧实验主要反映出散打训练对人体无氧功率的影响，而对无氧能力的评价不明显；Wingate无氧实验对评定散打训练效果和水平更具有指导意义。     

湖北体育高考生无氧能力与体育成绩相关研究

对2011年36名湖北省体育高考生无氧能力和运动成绩研究,分析体育高考生无氧能力与运动成绩的相关性,为教练简易评价考生无氧能力提供理论依据。采用Wingate无氧功率试验获得考生的无氧能力参数,对体育高考生高考体育成绩和无氧能力进行描述、对比分析、相关分析。受试者30sWingate无氧功率测试的各项指标值均与高考体育测试总分呈显著相关;男女生二级蛙跳成绩和男生100m短跑成绩与无氧功率各项指标呈显著相关。受试者高考体育测试各项成绩及高考体育测试总分与其无氧功率各项指标有着不同程度的相关。     

The influence of upper-body pre-cooling on repeated sprint performance in moderate ambient temperatures

In this study, we examined the effects of upper-body pre-cooling before intermittent sprinting exercise in a moderate environment. Seven male and three female trained cyclists (age 26.8+/-5.5 years, body mass 68.5+/-9.5 kg, height 1.76+/-0.13 m, V O2peak 59.0+/-11.4 mL. kg(-1). min(-1); mean+/-s) performed 30 min of cycling at 50% V O2peak interspersed with a 10-s Wingate cycling sprint test at 5 min intervals. The exercise was performed in a room controlled at 22 degrees C and 40% relative humidity. In the control session, the participants rested for 30 min before exercise. In the pre-cooling session, the participants wore the upper segment of a liquid conditioning garment circulating 5 degrees C coolant until rectal temperature decreased by 0.5 degrees C. Rectal temperature at the start of exercise was significantly lower in the pre-cooling (36.5+/-0.3 degrees C) than in the control condition (37.0+/-0.5 degrees C), but this difference was reduced to a non-significant 0.4 degrees C throughout exercise. Mean skin temperature was significantly lower in the pre-cooling (30.7+/-2.3 degrees C) than in the control condition (32.5+/-1.6 degrees C) throughout exercise. Heart rate during submaximal exercise was similar between the two conditions, although peak heart rate after the Wingate sprints was significantly lower in the pre-cooling condition. With pre-cooling, mean peak power (909+/-161 W) and mean overall power output (797+/-154 W) were similar to those in the control condition (peak 921+/-163 W, mean 806+/-156 W), with no differences in the subjective ratings of perceived exertion. These results suggest that upper-body pre-cooling does not provide any benefit to intermittent sprinting exercise in a moderate environment.