Japanese perspective on client inaction and procrastination: Morita therapy

The present paper discusses how client inaction and procrastination are understood and dealt with from the Morita therapist's perspective. Clients stuck in self-defeating patterns of thinking and action are discussed in terms of their futile preoccupations with adverse feelings and failure to recognize their freedom in choosing and implementing action. Clients in Morita therapy come to accept and persevere with unmanipulable feelings, previously used as excuses for their avoiding and procrastinating behaviours. Seven factors inhibiting or retarding clients' desirable action taking are discussed. A contrast is made between Morita and Western cognitive therapies.     

Helping mothers discuss sexuality and AIDS with adolescents

The current study was designed to alter experimentally mothers' style when discussing sexuality and AIDS with their adolescent children. Mothers of 11- to 15-year-olds (N = 50) were assigned to an intervention or control group, resulting in 20 dyads in each group. All dyads were assessed twice, on self-reported and observed communication, AIDS knowledge, and perceived vulnerability to AIDS. Intervention group mothers received two training sessions. Observational data revealed that intervention group mothers reduced their amount of speaking, asked more open-ended questions, acted less judgmental, and discussed dating and sexuality more than did control group mothers. Intervention group adolescents reported increased discussions of birth control and increased daily comfort talking to their mothers. There was some evidence that intervention group girls increased in AIDS knowledge. There was no change in AIDS-related beliefs.     

Long-term consequences of childhood attachment: Implications for counselling adolescents

The theory of attachment draws on several lines of thought to create an integrated body of knowledge about human emotional development. Attachment theory is particularly concerned with the development of human emotions from a life span perspective (Ainsworth, 1991), hypothesizing that observable behaviour is directed by people's emotions, specifically in relation to important figures within their lives. A recent and essential focus for the development of the theory of attachment is that of its long-term implications. Considerable empirical support has been provided for the premise of the implications of attachment security in childhood for psychological maladies in adolescence. The present article focuses on these long-term implications of childhood attachment and presents both an argument for pursuing family therapy when working with adolescent clients and a model for counselling such families based on an attachment perspective.Portions of this work were completed with support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, project number 410-91165. The opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Council.     

Overwork and career-centered self-validation among the Japanese: Psychosocial issues and counselling implications

Overwork and workaholism among Japanese corporate workers and related psychosocial issues are explored. Ishiyama's (1989) model of self-validation is used as a conceptual framework. The Japanese culture and the corporate structure are treated as the context in which social pressure for overwork and obsessive work-preoccupation are espoused. The authors examine the nature and consequences of overwork and career-centered self-validation, in terms of family, marital, and existential issues, as well as stress andkaroshi (death by overwork). Implications to counselling and social and systemic change are discussed.     

Culture-specific counselling strategies for Japanese nationals in the United States of America

The article provides an understanding of unique characteristics of Japanese nationals in the United States of America (USA), their possible acculturation and assimilation levels, Japanese world view (assumptions, values and beliefs), and Japanese developmental psychological functions (Amae, On, Giri, Ninjo, and Ajase Complex). All these factors affect the determination of culturally sensitive techniques and approaches that would be best suited for each Japanese client. Information about assessment tools, and counselling and therapeutic strategies and techniques that may be effective is presented.     

Wilderness therapy intervention with adolescents: Exploring the process of change

This study aimed to understand the process of change within Wilderness Therapy. It used grounded theory to explore development and change during the programme and relate this to theories of adolescence and engagement, particularly for adolescents in the care system.

Data collected from interviews with 11 adolescents were analysed using constructionist grounded theory. The wilderness environment, the staff, and the activities were identified as interactive factors that facilitated personal development. The analysis demonstrated the influence of early engagement in overall change. Relational factors interacted with an appropriate level of support and encouragement during activities which led to the adolescents experiencing success and increases in self-worth, self-esteem and efficacy. Improvements in self-efficacy, social skills, and anger management, as well as increasingly more positive views about the world were demonstrated in all participants who completed the programme.     

Play therapy with emotionally damaged adolescents

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical period of development for all individuals, but particularly for those who have suffered earlier emotional difficulties or abuse. If these problems go unresolved, patterns of behaviour which become established during this period may be more difficult to change later on. However, more traditional talk therapies may be resisted by adolescents. This article argues that non-directive play therapy, given age-appropriate adaptations, offers an approach which, since it encompasses both play and verbal communication, is well suited to addressing adolescent concerns, particularly those of early adolescence.This argument is illustrated by two accounts of therapy with a boy and a girl, both in early adolescence, which show how a more traditional non-directive counselling approach was combined with play therapy by the adolescents themselves, allowing exploration of emotional difficulties on all levels of mental functioning. The cases show how traumatic or painful early memories may be reworked on a bodily and emotional level, without the feeling of over-intrusion risked by a directive or interpretive stance.     

Expanding client worldviews: Investigating developmental counselling and therapy assumptions

Developmental Counselling and Therapy (DCT) represents a co-constructive, developmental, and integrative approach to individual treatment. DCT posits that introducing specific and consistent therapeutic questioning strategies, corresponding to four different cognitive-developmental orientations or worldviews, enables clients to gain an extended perspective on their presenting issues, and thus to recognize a broad range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral change options. To test this assumption, two investigations involving Japanese subjects were conducted. The findings from both studies indicate that consistent phrasing of therapeutic questions, targeted at specific cognitive-developmental orientations, facilitates subjects to expand their ability to discuss historical events and personality attributes from multiple perspectives. Clinical and research considerations are outlined.     

日本大学治理改革——PDCA在国立大学法人评价中的应用

PDCA应用于大学评价是日本大学治理改革的重要方案之一。在立法的保障下,通过PDCA评鉴链,国立大学法人改善教学研究质量和运营状况,落实大学向社会说明责任的义务,同时帮助政府有效配置教育资源。通过PDCA在国立大学法人评价中的应用,日本形成了大学治理改革的有效机制,这一经验对我国大学治理改革具有重要参考价值。     

利用情感功能提高大学日语教学效果

情感是影响教学活动重要的心理因素之一，积极的情感对教师的教和学生的学有促进作用。是提高教学效果的重要条件。了解情感功能对大学日语教学的影响，培养积极情感、发挥情感功能、是提高大学日语教学效果的关键。     

‘When words don't come easily’: personal narratives from adolescents experiencing shyness as an emotional and behavioural problem in the school context

The purpose of this article is to present narratives from 15 adolescents experiencing shy behaviour as an emotional and behavioural problem in the school context in light of narrative understanding. The investigation is intended to generate knowledge about this largely under‐researched phenomenon based on the personal accounts of those who are actually experiencing it. Their narratives are the foundation for a discussion regarding implications for future practice in the context of school in relation to this group.     

Systemic cognitive-developmental therapy: A counselling model and an integrative classification schema for working with partners and families

Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy (SCDT) represents a holistic, non-pathological, and integrative approach to partner and family counselling. The model directly links developmental constructs to the counselling process and offers specific assessment and treatment strategies that can be easily learned and applied in the immediacy of the counselling encounter. Additionally, it offers a classification schema that clinicians can use to organize familiar counselling and therapy approaches into a developmental framework. This article introduces the theory and practice of SCDT, illustrates the techniques and strategies specific to the model, and provides illustrative partner, family, and client examples for clarification.Paper presented in April, 1994 at the International Conference on Counselling in the Family in München, Germany, sponsored by the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling.     

浅谈英语"学困生"的转化

随着教育教学研究的深入和发展,“学困生”问题已逐渐成为教育领域关注的焦点。如何提高“学困生”的英语水平,是英语教师贯彻全面发展观、全面提高英语教育水平必须解决的一个问题,也是素质教育对英语教学的要求。     

Helping the young child cope with death

Justin and Jenny had prepared for the space shuttle launch by cutting out pictures of Christa McAuliffe from the Weekly Reader. Their mother was a teacher, just like the new astronaut. During the televised launch, the three-year-old boy marched and twirled around. His five-year-old sister stood still and observed intently.Judy Ansell Ketchel is a second-grade teacher in the Southmoreland School District, Scottdale, Pennsylvania.     

Student counselling in Germany: An overview

The aim of this report is to describe the development of the student counselling system at German universities. The first chapter gives a short review of the situation in the first decades after the war. The second chapter describes the setting up of working models for student counselling systems which served as a basis for the development of counselling centres in the seventies on a larger scale. Chapter III reports on the student counselling service at Bonn University as an example for a unit integrating information, orientation and person-centred counselling facilities as well as psychological counselling, and in Chapter IV Rott gives an overview of the situation of psychological counselling in Germany.