河北平原土壤酸化敏感性研究

通过对河北平原京津以南地区土壤样品的采集与分析,初步研究了其酸度特征和酸化敏感性,结果显示:大气酸沉降、氮磷化肥的过度施用、作物盐基离子的吸收以及农药的滥用是造成土壤pH值下降的主要原因;碳酸钙含量是河北平原土壤酸碱缓冲性能的主要影响因素。     

Targeted yield concept and a framework of fertilizer recommendation in irrigated rice domains of subtropical India

Soil test crop response （STCR） correlation studies were carried out in Vindhyan alluvial plain during 2001 to 2004 taking IR-36 as test crop to quantify rice production in the context of the variability of soil properties and use of balanced fertilizers based on targeted yield concept. The soils were developed on gently sloping alluvial plain with different physiographic settings and notable variation in drainage condition. Soil properties show moderate variation in texture （loamy to clay）, organic carbon content （4.4 to 9.8 g/kg）, cation exchange capacity （10,2 to 22.4 cmol （p＋）/kg） and pH （5.3 to 6,4）, Soil fertility status for N is low to medium （224 to 348 kg/ha）, P is medium to high （87 to 320 kg/ha） and K ranges from medium to high （158 to 678 kg/ha）. Database regarding nutrient requirement in kg/t of grain produce （NR）, the percent contribution from the soil available nutrients [CS （%）] and the percent contribution from the applied fertilizer nutrients [CF （%）] were computed for calibrating and fbrmulating fertilizer recommendations. Validity of the yield target for 7 and 8 t/ha was tested in farmers＇ fields and yields targets varied at less than 10%. The percent achievement of targets aimed at different level was more than 90%, indicating soil test based fertilizer recommendation approach was economically viable within the agro-ecological zone with relatively uniform cropping practices and socio-economic conditions.     

土壤环境对菌肥移居微生物各生理群生长的影响

以灭菌茶园土壤施入混合菌肥,探讨茶叶专用菌肥微生物在不同土壤环境中存活状况、变化规律.结果表明菌肥细菌生长适宜的土壤环境条件是土壤含水量为20-25％,土壤温度为25℃,pH4左右的酸性土壤石灰添加量为0.4-0.8％（约土壤pH6.6-7.3）为宜;制约菌肥放线菌在土壤中生长繁殖因素主要为土壤pH和含水量,以土壤pH6.6-7.3,含水量为15-20％为宜.土壤环境因素对菌肥真菌生长的影响大小排序依次为pH、水分和温度,酸性土壤最有利于真菌的生长繁殖.     

种粮农户化肥施用技术效率及其影响因素——基于河南省西华县调研数据

化肥过量施用是造成农业面源污染的主要原因,为化肥减量增效提供切实可行的建议,基于河南省西华县360个农户的调研数据,采用随机前沿生产函数(SFA),估计农业生产效率和化肥投入的单一要素技术效率,并利用Tobit模型分析化肥技术效率的影响因素。结果表明:小麦平均生产效率为0.842,化肥投入的技术效率为0.3444,即在当前投入不变的情况下可降低化肥投入量的66%,小麦产出不变。农户文化程度、务农劳动力占比和经营面积对化肥施用的技术效率有显著的正面影响作用,农业收入占比、土地细碎化程度对化肥施用技术效率的提升有显著的负面影响。     

Review:Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops

INTRODUCTION Regulation, handling and bioremediation of hazardous materials require an assessment of the risk to some living species other than human being, or assessment of hazard to the entire ecosystem. As- sessment endpoints are values of the ecosystem that are to be protected and are identified early in the analysis. Such endpoints may include life cycle stages of a species and reproductive or growth patterns. Ecosystem risk assessment is at its dawn with this area of environment sci…     

作物节水研究进展

本文综述了作物节水研究的重大进展 :作物抗旱性鉴定方法、节水灌溉技术、化学节水技术、水肥耦合节水技术、深耕蓄水技术、农田覆盖节水技术及抗旱节水中的高新技术。     

白散泥稻田肥料效应试验研究

肥料是作物增产的重要因素。在农田施肥实践过程中,氮、磷、钾肥及配比用量因土壤不同而不同。笔者进行了白散泥稻田氮磷钾肥料效应的试验,采用3个因子、4个不同施肥用量的水平试验,推荐了最佳施肥用量。     

Assessing potential dietary toxicity of heavy metals in selected vegetables and food crops

Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through two routes namely： inhalation and ingestion, ingestion being the main route of exposure to these elements in human population. Heavy metals intake by human populations through food chain has been reported in many countries. Soil threshold for heavy metal toxicity is an important factor affecting soil environmental capacity of heavy metal and determines heavy metal cumulative loading limits. For soil-plant system, heavy metal toxicity threshold is the highest permissible content in the soil （total or bioavailable concentration） that does not pose any phytotoxic effects or heavy metals in the edible parts of the crops does not exceed food hygiene standards. Factors affecting the thresholds of dietary toxicity of heavy metal in soil-crop system include： soil type which includes soil pH, organic matter content, clay mineral and other soil chemical and biochemical properties; and crop species or cultivars regulated by genetic basis for heavy metal transport and accumulation in plants. In addition, the interactions of soil-plant root-microbes play important roles in regulating heavy metal movement from soil to the edible parts of crops. Agronomic practices such as fertilizer and water managements as well as crop rotation system can affect bioavailability and crop accumulation of heavy metals, thus influencing the thresholds for assessing dietary toxicity of heavy metals in the food chain. This paper reviews the phytotoxic effects and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and food crops and assesses soil heavy metal thresholds for potential dietary toxicity.     

尿素在石灰性土壤中的转化及对地下水的污染

在种植夏玉米的两种石灰性土壤中进行尿素表面撒施实验，结果表明，尿素的分解、转化主要发生在４０ｃｍ以上土层中，由于供试土壤的pＨ值高，在７～８月份的高温季节，尿素水解产生的氨易挥发和发生硝化作用，在土壤中保存的量少．ＮＯ－３离子是作物吸收利用氮素的主要形式，硝化作用在施肥的１０～２５ｄ进入盛期．尿素在粘土中分解、转化的速度比在亚沙土中的慢，能保持较长时间的肥效．施肥后，ＮＨ＋４离子和ＮＯ－３离子能造成２～５m深浅层地下水的污染．     

设施栽培土壤连作障碍成因分析及其修复措施

随着产业结构的调整,我国农业发展已经走向设施栽培和集约化生产的新模式,栽培作物类型也从单一的蔬菜发展到花卉、水果和中草药等多种类型。由于设施蔬菜种植面积的扩大和种植年限的增加,土壤酸化、次生盐渍化等连作障碍问题日益突出。本文主要从土传病害、自毒作用、养分不均、土壤退化、人为原因等方面对设施栽培土壤连作障碍产生的成因进行了探讨分析,并从农技措施、合理施肥、科学灌溉、轮作换茬、嫁接栽培、土壤灭菌、生物修复7个方面提出了相应的修复措施,以期为农业生产中设施栽培提供技术指导。     

Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb by agricultural soils of the Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas in China

Soils can often be contaminated simultaneously by more than one heavy metal. The sorption-desorption behavior of a metal in a soil will be affected by the presence of other metals. Therefore, selective retention and competitive adsorption of the soils to heavy metals can affect their availability and movement through the soils. In this study, the simultaneous competitive adsorption of four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb) on ten agricultural soils collected from the Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas, China was assessed. The results showed that the competition affected the behavior of heavy metal cations in such a way that the soils adsorbed less Cd and Hg, and more Pb and Cu with increasing total metal concentrations, regardless of the molar concen- tration applied. As the applied concentrations increased, Pb and Cu adsorption increased, while Cd and Hg adsorption decreased. The adsorption sequence most found was Pb>Cu>Hg>Cd. The maximum adsorption capacity for the heavy metal cations was calculated, and affected markedly by soil properties. The results suggest that Hg and Cd have higher mobility associated to the lower adsorption and that Pb and Cu present the opposite behavior. Significant correlations were found between the maximum adsorption capacity of the metals and pH value and exchangeable acid, suggesting that soil pH and exchangeable acid were key factors controlling the solubility and mobility of the metals in the agricultural soils.     

Simplification and Experimental Verification for Temperature and Humidity Field Coupling Model of Conservatory Soil

Based on the surface energy balance model which is widely used abroad, a temperature and humidity field coupling model of conservatory soil without crop vegetation in full illumination was established. Considering the relatively closed environment in conservatory, weak solar radiation and little surface evaporation of soil, the daily variation of water content in different soil layers may be neglected, then the temperature and humidity field coupling model was simplified to a one-dimensional thermal diffusion model. The simplified model and the temperature and humidity field coupling model adopted the same computational method of soil physical parameters and discrete format of heat diffusion differential equations, and were applied to the continuous simulation of temperature field in conservatory soil without crop vegetation in full illumination. Through the comparison between simulation results and experimental data, the precision of the simplified model was verified. The typical rule of soil heat flux variation in a 24 h cycle was also obtained.     

内江市公园绿地土壤重金属Cu分布研究

对内江市大干园、塔山公园、大洲广场、人民公园0-20cm土层中的Cu、有机质和pH值进行研究,以农耕地为对照,结果表明：（1）土壤中Cu含量塔山公园显著低于人民公园,各公园绿地与农耕地差异不显著,各公园绿地土壤Cu为国家一级标准;（2）不同坡位Cu含量总体表现为：下坡＞中坡＞上坡;（3）各绿地土壤pH值为7.4～8.33,有机质含量差异不显著;（4）公园绿地土壤中Cu含量与有机质、pH值之间相关性不显著.     

若干新型肥料在现代农业生产中的应用

新型肥料和常规肥料既有区别又有联系,通常新型肥料是在常规肥料的基础上发展起来的.常规肥料是指＂提供植物养分为主要功用和部分兼有改善土壤性质的物料＂,新型肥料是指＂加入新材料,采用新工艺、新设备,改变品种或剂型提高肥料利用率的肥料＂.与常规化学肥料或与施肥技术改进有关的新型肥料,一是以常规化学氮肥为基础的新型肥料,即缓释氮肥和控释氮肥,其合成有机微溶性氮肥和包膜氮肥两种类型均能有效减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率;二是通过改进施肥技术形成的新型肥料,即叶面肥料,叶面肥在我国已成了一种产业;三是农作物栽培方式变革应用的新型肥料,即CO2气体肥料,适于设施农业施用,保护地蔬菜增产效果非常显著;四是类似微量元素肥料功效的新型肥料,即稀土肥料,对各种作物有多方面的促进生长和增产效应.新型肥料的生产和应用有广阔的发展前景.开发新型肥料,为农业提供高效、优质、对路的肥料产品,对建设现代农业具有重要意义.     

滨州市不同农业土地利用方式下土壤中铜的累积特征

通过对滨州市果园、菜地、棉地、麦地、林地以及自然土壤6种土地利用类型共93个土壤样品的调查分析,探讨了不同农业土地利用方式下土壤中铜的积累特征.结果表明,滨州市农业土壤铜含量均值为22.31 mg/kg,显著高于区域土壤背景值,土壤铜含量表现出明显的累积趋势.不同农业土地利用方式下土壤铜含量由高至低的顺序为:果园、菜地、棉地、麦地、林地.果园土壤中铜的累积问题最为突出,土壤铜平均含量达27.17 mg/kg,极显著高于自然土壤、林地土壤、麦地土壤和棉地土壤.菜地和棉地土壤铜含量极显著地高于自然土壤.所有样品均未超过国家土壤环境质量II级标准.5种农业土地利用类型中,果园和菜地土壤铜含量的变异系数较大,分别为32.17%和30.70%,表明这2种土地利用类型受到人为扰动较大.     

不同类型钾肥对番茄土壤理化性状及微生物的影响

通过番茄土壤对照试验,研究不同类型钾肥对土壤理化性质、微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明:与对照相比,施用新型含钾中微量元素肥料——"碳酶钾"能够提高番茄土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的含量,降低土壤酸度、土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,改善了土壤的理化性状;提高了土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的含量;同时还能够显著地增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶的活性.     

肥料与石膏配施对滨海盐土有效磷的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了肥料与石膏配施条件下滨海盐土有效磷变化特征,结果表明,(1)不同肥料与石膏配施条件下,滨海盐土有效磷含量以有机无机复混肥(F2)处理较高,而以单施石膏2g/kg(F0B2)处理较低。(2)磷肥施用可显著提高滨海盐土有效磷含量,供试肥料品种间滨海盐土有效磷含量以有机无机复混肥处理(F2)、无机复混肥(F1)处理最高,其次为生物有机无机复混肥(F4)和生物有机肥(F3),以空白对照(F0)最低。(3)随石膏用量增加,土壤有效磷呈显著降低趋势。(4)滨海盐土有效磷含量存在明显动态变化特征,肥料施用后有效磷总体上呈现先增加后降低趋势,最终回复到施肥前水平。(5)从土壤有效磷角度考虑,滨海盐土肥料农业施用以有机无机复混肥(F2)较为适宜。     

不同肥料处理下茶园土壤细菌和古菌群落的时间变化研究

研究目的：研究化学肥料和有机肥处理条件下,茶园酸性土壤细菌和古菌群落结构,以及氮素转化相关功能酶基因丰度的时间变化规律。 创新要点：研究肥料、土壤温度及土壤含水量对茶园酸性土壤细菌和古菌群落结构,以及氮素转化相关功能酶基因丰度的影响。 研究方法：应用末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）技术分析茶园酸性土壤中细菌和古菌群落结构随时间的变化规律,应用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术,研究茶园酸性土壤细菌、古菌、硝化作用功能酶基因（细菌和古菌amod基因）和细菌反硝化作用功能酶基因（narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因）丰度的时间变化规律。 重要结论：茶园土壤细菌和古菌群落结构受到肥料的影响,并随着取样时间有显著的变化。细菌、古菌和古菌的amoA基因的丰度在7月份最小,而细菌的amoA基因和反硝化作用功能酶基因（除nirK基因）的丰度在9月份最小。有机肥处理增加了细菌、古菌和氮素转化相关功能酶基因的丰度,但化学肥料的施用对菌群及功能酶基因丰度的影响较小。土壤温度显著影响了土壤细菌和古菌的群落结构。土壤含水量与细菌反硝化作用功能酶基因有显著的相关性。土壤有机碳含量与细菌、古菌及功能酶基因丰度之间有显著的相关性。     

四川盆地紫色土小流域土壤的可蚀性

为揭示不同土地利用方式和植被类型对紫色土壤可蚀性的影响,调查和测试了紫色土丘陵区3个典型小流域内林地、园地和旱耕地的表层土壤（0-20 cm）的理化性质,并利用EPIC公式计算了土壤可蚀性K值,结果表明：样地表层土壤（0-20 cm）可蚀性K值大小顺序依次是：SP4〉SP7〉SP5〉SP2〉SP6〉SP3〉SP1;除全磷与K值相关性较小外,K值与其他影响因子达到了显著（极显著）相关;K值与各影响因子之间的相关程度：有机碳〉砂粒〉粉粒=黏粒〉全氮〉全磷。因此,提高有机碳含量,降低化肥的使用量,促进土壤团聚体形成,增加团聚度,是增加紫色土抗蚀性能的重要途径。     

酸性土壤中铝的活化及其对植物生长的影响

本文综述了酸雨对酸性土壤性质的影响及由此产生的对植物生长的影响。酸雨pH值越低 ,我国南方酸性土壤酸化越严重 ,土壤中盐基离子淋失量越大 ,铝的活化量也越大。土壤中盐基离子大量淋失 ,造成植物必要养分缺乏 ;铝的活化能够对植物产生毒害 ,影响植物的正常生长 ,甚至引起植物的死亡