Lederberg and the ‘Cellularity’ of bacteria

Joshua Lederberg will surely be remembered for his stellar contributions to microbial genetics and his sage intervention in public affairs concerning exobiology, infectious diseases, epidemiology, and bioterrorism. Not so well know is his emphatic mission to spell out that bacteria are cells and not something else. This brief sketch examines some of his contributions to bacterial cytology. Moselio Schaechter (Elio to friends) spent his career studying growth physiology and cell structure of enteric bacteria. Born in Italy, he spent his youth in Ecuador before going to the United States where he chaired the Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at Tufts University in Boston for twenty three years. After retirement he is at San Diego, where he has devoted himself to sharing the excitement of the microbial world, mainly via a blog called “Small Things Considered”. He has authored several influential textbooks and reference works. He succeeded Joshua Lederberg as Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Microbiology. He also authored a book, In the Company of Mushrooms, which deals with his avocation, wild mushrooms.     

鱼权力与关系网——以三亚渔港鱼类交易活动为例

中国学者关于社会关系研究集中于稳定的熟人乡村社会,很少有把目光放于变动不居的陌生人市场。运用定性的田野调查方法对三亚渔港鱼类交易活动中各种角色与关系网进行描述分析,发现渔港里权力越大的圈子实现利益的机会越大;越是处于多重关系中心,利益越容易实现;越是处于单一关系边缘,机会越渺茫。     

一种新的预防暴力犯罪的工作模式探析

暴力犯罪原因具有多元性,针对不同犯罪成因有不同应对措施。美国心理学家多拉德与米勒提出挫折——攻击理论,他们认为攻击原因是由于挫折增大的结果。流行病学家加里·斯拉金发现暴力犯罪一些常见指标,分布趋势图、流行曲线、数据等与流行病分布趋势图、流行曲线、数据等相似。他大胆提出以成功阻止传染病工作战略模式阻止暴力传播。研究结果和实际评估表明这种新预防暴力犯罪的工作模式具有显著效果。     

Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases

This study investigated students’ understanding of a virtual infectious disease in relation to their understanding of natural infectious diseases. Two sixth-grade classrooms of students between the ages of 10 and 12 (46 students) took part in a participatory simulation of a virtual infectious disease, which was integrated into their science curriculum. The results from our analyses reveal that students perceived the simulation as similar to a natural infectious disease and that the immersive components of the simulation afforded students the opportunity to discuss their understandings of natural disease and to compare them to their experiences with the virtual disease. We found that while the virtual disease capitalized on students’ knowledge of natural infectious disease through virtual symptoms, these symptoms may have led students to think of its transfer more as an observable or mechanical event rather than as a biological process. These findings provide helpful indicators to science educators and educational designers interested in creating and integrating online simulations within classroom environments to further students’ conceptual understanding.     

基于二氧化氯的高校传染病常态化预防性消毒体系建设

在全球疫情防控形势严峻的大背景下,高校传染病防控工作需格外重视.根据高校传染病的流行模型以及大量的调查数据和消毒防疫实践成果,分析了高校传染病的常态化预防性消毒防控的必要性和可行性,提出了基于二氧化氯安全、无毒、无残留的特性及其成熟的技术手段,构建高校传染病的常态化预防性消毒体系,并给出了可行性方案.     

Association between child sexual abuse and infectious disease diagnoses

BackgroundThough many studies have linked child sexual abuse (CSA) to psychological health problems, little is known regarding the relationship between CSA and children and adolescents’ physical health.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between CSA and infectious disease diagnoses.ParticipantsOf the 955 eligible children and adolescents who had a substantiated report of sexual abuse between 2001 and 2010, medical data was retrieved for 882 individuals, who formed the sexually abused group. These 882 participants were matched to 882 participants on age, gender, and administrative healthcare region to form the general population group.Setting and methodsThis matched-cohort study, conducted in a large Canadian city, compared the number of infectious disease diagnoses between the date of the substantiated sexual abuse report and August 1, 2013, between the two groups.ResultsResults indicate that sexually abused participants had 1.27 times more (95% CI – 1.13 to 1.42) infectious diseases diagnoses than those from the general population. They received 1.83 times more genitourinary infection diagnoses (95% CI – 1.43 to 2.33), 1.31 times more diagnoses for other types of infections (95% CI – 1.11 to 1.55) and 1.21 times more respiratory and ear infection diagnoses (95% CI – 1.05 to 1.40). There was no statistically significant difference regarding skin infection diagnoses. These results indicate an association between CSA and more frequent infectious diseases diagnoses.     

差分系统吴特征列法求符号解

针对医学领域无法解决的传染病感染问题,将差分系统的吴特征列方法实际应用于一类离散时间的SIR传染病模型的精确求解,并对求得模型解的结构进行分析,从而为传染病学的研究提供可靠数据。结果表明,该方法有助于同类传染病的控制及防范。     

Defining contagion literacy: a Delphi study

ABSTRACT

Against the background of climate change, which enables infectious diseases to move their frontiers and the increasing global mobility, which make people more exposed to contagion, we as citizens need to relate to this new scenario. A greater number of infectious diseases may also potentially lead to an increased need to use antibiotics and anti-parasitic substances. In view of this, the aim of this study was to identify the health literacy needed in the contemporary world and specify what should be taught in compulsory school. We present the findings of a Delphi study, performed in Sweden, regarding the opinions on contagion among experts in the field. We used Nutbeam’s framework of health literacy and related it to Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives in order to analyse and categorise the experts’ responses, which were categorised into six main content themes: contagions, transmission routes, sexually transmitted diseases, hygiene, vaccinations and use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. These themes were then divided into the three levels of Nutbeam’s framework: functional health literacy, which is about knowledge and understanding, interactive health literacy, which is about developing personal qualities and skills that promote health, and critical health literacy, which is about social and cognitive skills related to analysis and critical reflection. The implications for communication and education are then discussed and what should be taught in compulsory school is identified.     

Development of a large-scale isolation chamber system for the safe and humane care of medium-sized laboratory animals harboring infectious diseases

The close phylogenetic relationship between humans and non-human primates makes non-human primates an irreplaceable model for the study of human infectious diseases. In this study, we describe the development of a large-scale automatic multi-functional isolation chamber for use with medium-sized laboratory animals carrying infectious diseases. The isolation chamber, including the transfer chain, disinfection chain, negative air pressure isolation system, animal welfare system, and the automated system, is designed to meet all biological safety standards. To create an internal chamber environment that is completely isolated from the exterior, variable frequency drive blowers are used in the air-intake and air-exhaust system, precisely controlling the filtered air flow and providing an air-barrier protection. A double door transfer port is used to transfer material between the interior of the isolation chamber and the outside. A peracetic acid sterilizer and its associated pipeline allow for complete disinfection of the isolation chamber. All of the isolation chamber parameters can be automatically controlled by a programmable computerized menu, allowing for work with different animals in different-sized cages depending on the research project. The large-scale multi-functional isolation chamber provides a useful and safe system for working with infectious medium-sized laboratory animals in high-level bio-safety laboratories.     

Towards a Culture‐based Approach to Chemical Education in Secondary Schools: The Role of Chemical Formulae in the Teaching of Chemistry

Summaries

English

The didactic use of formulae in the teaching of chemistry as part of the individual culture should include the logics of their elaboration, and frame them into the basic postulates of the chemical doctrine.

These postulates, in the form that was accepted since the last quarter of the 19th century, are discussed together with the assumptions embodied in the procedures for establishing the formulae as the source of the images of molecular structure. The limitations inherent in these procedures, and the influence they had upon the teaching of chemistry, are examined by analysing the exemplar cases of anthracene and of sydnones. Chemical formulae represent a practical code for the structure‐reactivity relationships, and therefore their current meaning in a quantum‐chemical interpretation is also discussed.

It is suggested that the teaching of chemistry in the age range 13‐14 be based on the postulates and procedures of classical chemistry (1874‐1935), leaving the elementary introduction of quantum‐chemical concepts to the 15‐18 age range.     

畜禽疫病的新特点及防制对策

随着种畜禽的大量引进，国际交流的日益增多，近年来，动物传染病的发生越来越复杂，对畜牧业生产的影响呈逐年加重的趋势。目前我国的畜禽疫病出现了六个新的特点，即传染性疾病危害加重；新病种类增多；发病非典型化和病原出现新的变化；多病原感染病例(混合感染)增多；环境性病原微生物致病性日渐严重；营养、代谢及中毒性疾病的发生日益突出等。本文详细介绍了这六个特点，并提出了相应的防制对策。     

高职高专传染病教学改革探讨

传染病疾病谱的变化,教材内容相对落后、教师队伍的年轻化、临床经验相对不足,以及飞速发展的科研进展,传统的传染病学教学已跟不上时代的步伐。通过宣传及学习传染病学及相关知识的必要性,改革教学内容、改进教学方法以及采用现代化教学手段等方法,使在校医学生主动学习并掌握更多传染病学相关知识,提高教学效果,从而培养合格的复合应用型医学人才。     

论乌兰夫发展民族医疗卫生事业的思想与实践

乌兰夫自内蒙古自治运动开始一直高度重视民族医疗卫生事业的发展，把它当作直接关系到蒙古民族兴衰的大事来抓。他采取一系列政策和措施，大力加强医疗基础设施和医药卫生队伍建设，十分重视民族医学发展和医药人才培养。他带领各族人民开展扑灭严重危害人民生存的鼠疫、梅毒、布鲁氏菌三大疾病的斗争，保障了人民的生命安全，扭转了蒙古族人口负增长的局面，实现了“人畜两旺”的战略目标。内蒙古自治区防治疾病的成功做法，为全国其他地区的防病灭疫工作提供了宝贵经验。     

传染病数学模型的马尔可夫骨架过程建模

利用侯振挺教授等人提出的马尔可夫骨架过程理论讨论了传染病数学模型。通过对此模型进行马尔可夫骨架过程建模,得出结论:在任一时刻上的传染病人数L(t)是某线性方程的最小非负解。     

冬枣采后病害及防治技术研究进展

采后病害是冬枣贮藏过程中的难题.对冬枣采后病害的类型、致病菌种类及其防治技术进行了分析概述,为冬枣贮藏环节有效控制病害发生提供技术参考和依据.     

时序自回归差分方程模型在传染病预测中的应用

本文通过分析传染病的特性,建立了时序自回归差分方程模型,对SARS传染病的流行规律进行了进一步研究,并讨论了平衡点及其稳定性.仿真结果表明,使用自回归差分方程模型预测传染病的流行趋势,具有精度高、简单易行的特点.     

传染病防控的国际合作机制演进与国际卫生法的实践

19世纪以前,主权国家通过实施隔离与检疫措施,建设国内公共卫生体系来抗击传染病的侵袭。之后,国际社会则通过寻求国际卫生合作,构建传染病的国际治理机制以控制传染病的扩散。但该体制存在严重缺陷,不能适应传染病全球化的新发展,必须对其不断完善,建立全球卫生治理的新机制。     

校办医院如何应对突发公共卫生事件

近年来，突发公共卫生事件、各类已知及未知的传染病及其他各类危害人类健康的事件随时可能袭来。学校人群密集，是一个易于发生突发事件和造成传染病流行的场所。学校附属医院应建立起适应社会快速反应的医院和保健站，健全应对突发公共卫生事件的反应机制．为医院可持续发展奠定更加良好的基础。     

论审计基本假设的检验与设计

自莫茨和夏拉夫首次提出“审计假设”概念以来，审计假设就成为了审计理论研究的一个重要课题。40多年来，审计假设研究虽然取得了一定的成就，但进展仍然缓慢。在本文中，作者从考察国内外审计假设研究的现状出发，归纳出成为审计假设应具备的条件，并用这些条件对现有的审计假设进行了检验。最后在这些条件的指导下．从审计本质出发，对审计假设进行了设计。