THE INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH,EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE IN GERONTOLOGY: SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

This article focuses on the development of education relating to aging in a specific professional education program: social work at the University of Queensland. A brief outline of features of the aged population and services for the aged in Queensland, an Australian state, is given as a background for describing one approach to gerontology education with the University of Queensland social work faculty. The challenges and tasks of curriculum development in relation to gerontology in a generic undergraduate course are described. Specific training in gerontology at a theoretical and practical level is provided through field practicums in an institution for the aged and proposals to extend this to a community‐based practice research program for the aged are outlined. To give a combined approach to social work, current research programs relating to this program — social policy and aging — are described.     

MENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION IN GERIATRIC FELLOWSHIPS

Geriatric fellowship curricula in primary care specialties of medicine include a minimum of mental health education, resulting in inadequate psychiatric assessment of the elderly. An educational program was developed to teach the psychology of aging, communication skills, and psychotherapy principles with older adults to geropsychiatry fellows during a 2‐year fellowship. The program's impact on fellows' performance was measured using 10 rated skill areas from the Periodic Review of Psychotherapy Skills. Improvement or maintenance of skills at the highest level was achieved by all fellows. The program's success is indicated by improved conceptualization of older adults' problems, increased accuracy of diagnoses, development of more appropriate treatment plans and goals, and refined communication and psychotherapy skills. Applicability to other medical and nonmedical disciplines and impediments to fellowship integration are discussed.     

INTERGENERATIONAL EDUCATION AND SERVICE PROGRAMMING: A MODEL FOR SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF ACTIVITIES

The intergenerational approach is a proven method for education and service programming with older adults, children, and youth. However, the broad scope of intergenerational programming inherently makes it difficult to create general decision‐making processes or models for the selection of appropriate activities for diverse participants. We present a model for decision making in intergenerational programs that is adaptable to a wide variety of participant groups, sponsoring agencies, and program goals. The model emerged as we developed and conducted an intergenerational training program for caregivers of children and the frail elderly. It stresses the importance of involving all constituent groups in planning, delineates five program categories, and establishes four criterion levels for decision‐making regarding appropriate activities. The model will be useful to those planning and implementing intergenerational programs in a vareity of settings.     

THE FINANCIAL PARTICIPATION OF ENTERPRISES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF FRENCH HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article discusses and tries to reconcile two phenomena; that, on one hand, in France, higher education is seriously underfunded, and that, on the other hand, public and private sector enterprises are experiencing shortages in the availability of highly qualified senior staff. At the same time, the need to obtain funding for higher education from sources other than the public authorities is recognized. Ways in which business may contribute to the funding of higher education are discussed, stress being laid on the use of the so‐called apprenticeship tax collected from enterprises and used to support higher education in given areas of training. The functioning and the receipts of this tax are analysed from a neo‐liberal perspective in terms of regional economic development, the types of institutions and programmes which receive subsidies from it, and amount per student. One obvious conclusion is that enterprises are loathe to contribute to the financing of initial education. On the other hand, since they are increasingly willing to finance specific and specialized training, universities, as distinct from other types of higher educations institutions in France, but having the necessary facilities and teaching staff, have been able to seize opportunities offered them to create special further training courses of use to enterprises. Hence, universities receive the largest share of the receipts of the apprenticeship tax.     

IN SEARCH OF THE FUTURE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES: REPORT OF A MULTI‐CRITERIA ANALYSIS

The role that governments play in higher education systems in the western world is being generally criticized. Most studies on desirable future models show that most of the experts and individuals involved favour a reduction in government influence. At the same time, however, governments are ‐ in publicly‐funded higher education systems ‐ accountable to the public for the funds allocated to the institutions, and are held responsible for a number of (political) aims and goals associated with higher education policy. This article considers which type of relationship between governments and higher education systems might be considered to be the most prominent for the future. It combines critical signals on the present methods, on the one hand, and the generally accepted responsibilities of governments, on the other, in a multi‐criteria analysis. Contrary to the general outcome of studies on governance, the participants in the study have opted for a relatively orthodox scenario in which governments remain influential actors with regard to higher education policies.     

“篇隐句秀”说：《文心雕龙》文学审美特征论——对《文心雕龙·隐秀》主旨的解析

对《文心雕龙.隐秀》的论争由来已久,笔者在认定该篇补文为刘勰原作的基础上,对该篇作了详细的论证,认为该篇主旨阐明了刘勰文学作品审美特征见解。“篇隐句秀”是刘勰对文学作品审美特征的总要求,这个要求有尊重文学自身特质的一面,又含有刘勰所处时代的文艺美学特征。     

IMPROVING GERIATRIC HEALTH CARE: THE ROLE OF EDUCATION

A look to the past shows how education shaped the contemporary system of health care. The consequences of the structure of this system on health care of the elderly are discussed. We also describe an image of health care in the future based on the needs of the elderly. There are two courses of action that can be followed as the United States moves toward the first half of the 21st century. One course accepts the structure and direction of the contemporary system. The other suggests a reorganization of the health care system based on current and future needs of the population and the nature of resources available. Both of these courses of action are discussed and examples of existing programs cited. We believe medical educators must make the necessary changes toward one or both of these courses of action now to ensure improved geriatric health care in the future.     

OBSTACLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRINCIPLE OF LIFELONG EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

The idea that higher studies are confined to a few years of one's early life and separated from later periods of work, is being changed, by the thought that the periods of study and gainful employment can be suitably interspaced throughout the adult life span, to the. advantage of both the individual and society. However, the implementation of the principle of lifelong education will not come about until many barriers and habits have been overcome in higher education, the world of work and public opinion. These problems, mainly in the context of higher education, are analyzed in the following article, which is based on a paper by Dr. M.M. Chambers of the Department of Educational Administration, Illinois State University (USA). The paper was presented during the 4th International Conference on Higher Education held at the University of Lancaster, UK (29 August ‐‐ 1 September 1978).     

THE FELLOWSHIPS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF RELIGION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

This article explores the interaction between the work and lives of five religious qualitative researchers whose research studies investigate both culture and religion. The ways their personal backgrounds, experiences, and values affect their choice of research topics and their relationships with research participants and with data, are revealed through the stories they tell about their work. Implications are drawn both for the conduct of qualitative, cultural study and for religious education.     

EDUCATION FOR OLDER ADULTS: OUT OF THE COLLEGE AND INTO THE COMMUNITY

On investigation of Union College, a two‐year college in New Jersey, it was discovered that senior citizens failed to take advantage of free college classes, for deep‐seated psychological as well as logistical reasons. In 1979, the college launched a program of bringing classes to older Americans in their own settings (Y's, churches, senior housing complexes, etc.) in subjects and at times of their own choosing. Clearly meeting a great need, the program expanded until it reached nearly 600 students in 25 classes. Success is in large part due to the work of skilled, compassionate teachers. An ongoing teacher‐training regime with emphasis on gerontology keeps them abreast of new techniques and ensures a continuing exchange of ideas. In the course of this training, it has become evident that much remains to be learned about education and the older adult. As a consequence, a joint research project of Union College and the Rutgers University Institute of Aging has been planned, with the Union College classes serving as a field test of the program and more generally of the impact of education on older Americans.     

ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY IN THE PROMOTION OF ADULT EDUCATION

The Group of Experts on Training and Retraining of Adult Educators was set up in 1972 by the Council of Europe's Council for Cultural Co‐operation (CCC). In the conclusions reached by this group, it was reaffirmed that one of the most important functions of higher education institutions in the implementation of the concept of lifelong education is, in fact, the training and retraining of personnel for adult education.

Extracts From the report prepared by the Group of Experts are presented below.     

THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF EDUCATION: BASIC PRINCIPLES

Social progress being based on an efficient education system and greater efficiency being linked to democratization, immediate steps must be taken to democratize education at all levels in line with the steps being taken to democratize society. Educational democratization is based on the interaction of four major interrelated components: the democratization of the forms of educational activity, the democratization of the content of education, the humanization of the functioning of education institutions and extra‐curricular student activities, and the democratization of the interactions of education with the other spheres of social life. The tasks at hand require the co‐operation of legislators, economists, sociologists teachers, and educational administrators and the passage of a new comprehensive law on education.     

GOVERNANCE OF EDUCATION IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA: THE ROLE OF BOARDS OF GOVERNORS

Boards of Governors have been in existence since the early 1970s as part of Papua New Guinea's effort to allow local participation in educational decision-making. This study investigates their role in the governance of provincial high schools in Papua New Guinea. From the findings, lessons that can be learnt by those who are intending to introduce school governance at the individual institution level have been stated. The data were obtained through a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, observation of meetings, and document analysis. Participants included principals, teachers, students and community representatives. In general the Boards are involved in administrative functions only. They are not involved in the main technology of the schools: teaching and learning. It is recommended that consideration be given to delegating some curriculum powers to the Boards. Further, training is required for principals and Board members to strengthen the Boards' effectiveness.     

文化素质教育与通识教育关系的再认识

目前,大学生文化素质教育与通识教育在中国高等学校同时展开,两者是否一致?有什么差别?应当如何对待?本文在对这两种教育进行历史回顾的基础上,对这些问题提出了自己的看法。作者认为,从"名正言顺"的角度,在高等学校本专科教育的整体层面上,无论在教育理念、模式和内容上,"通识教育"的名称都是不合适的。而文化素质教育则是统贯本科教育的全过程的,它既是一种新的教育思想观念,也可以成为一种教育模式,具有可操作的运行方式。但是,作为高等学校本专科教育的一部分或一个阶段,通识教育从理念、模式和内容上都是有意义的,其目标是为了培养负责任的公民和有教养的人。这与文化素质教育是相通的。通识教育可以作为文化素质教育的一种实施方式,与养成教育共同构筑起文化素质教育的实施方式。作者提出了包含通识教育的文化素质教育架构图,并对不同类型高校提出了多样化的通识教育与文化素质教育的实施意见。     

试论我国高等教育在建设学习型社会中的作用

本文探讨构成学习型社会的基本条件和基本特征 ,以及学习型社会中我国高等教育新的使命。在全面建设小康社会的进程中 ,必须把不断提高人民大众的科学文化知识水平 ,形成全民的学习型社会作为一项重大的战略任务。高等教育在形成学习型社会中 ,应发挥其先导作用 ,并成为实施终身教育的主体力量。     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DEWEY'S AESTHETICS IN ART EDUCATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION

On the occasion of Dewey's sesquicentennial anniversary, Kazuyo Nakamura explores Dewey's aesthetics, which holds the plurality of art and culture in high regard. Nakamura develops a theoretical foundation for art education in the present age of globalization based on educational insights drawn from Dewey's aesthetics. The theme of this essay unfolds based on three topics: Dewey's view of the educational value of art in general education, the fundamental viewpoint of art in relation to democracy, and the discussion of the educational aspect of individuality and community with respect to the experience of art. Based on Dewey's aesthetics, this essay presents new perspectives on art education that emphasize the realization of personal values, development of intelligent visual literacy, and enhancement of the quality of communication of art, in the context of globalization.     

中国蒙古民族现代高等教育的嬗变

对某一民族的教育发展进行专题研究。对深入把握和分析这一民族的教育演变规律具有重要的意义。笔者采用历史考证、文献梳理和逻辑分析等方法,认为高等教育属于文化的概念,作为探索高深学问和培养高级专门人才的高等教育在不同的文化背景下表现出各不相同的个性;高等教育又是一个历史的范畴,其内涵与外延、内容与功能在一个民族的历史发展过程中、在一个民族的文化变迁中经历了一个从简单到复杂的演变过程。同样,蒙古民族现代高等教育的变迁．也经历了从简单到复杂的演变过程。与此同时,在追求现代化的过程中,始终保持着教育的民族性和文化个性。     

经济转型过程中政府作用的重新界定

目前关于政府作用的模型有三个,即看不见的手模型、扶持之手模型以及掠夺之手模型。从不同的角度出发,看待政府的作用各不相同。在转型的约束条件下,政府除了完成市场化国家政府的一般职能外,其职能还需要重新界定。首先强化人力资本的投资;其次,转型国家的政府必须协调利益集团之间的关系;再次,提高财政能力;最后,转型国家的政府要注意克服信息不对称的问题。政府可以充当看不见的手听任市场的自行其是,也可以采取扶持之手推进改革的顺利进行,还可能伸出掠夺之手与民争利,因此,限制政府的掠夺之手使其成为有限而又有效的政府,是至关重要的。政府转型成为中国经济转型的重要制约因素。     

THE PRACTICE OF HIGHER EDUCATION: IN PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE AND OF EQUITY

A bstract .  In this essay, David Bridges explores the notion of practice with particular application to the practice of higher education. He considers whether some of the changes in practices linked to the massification of higher education have in fact resulted in the breakdown of higher education as a practice , at least on Alasdair MacIntyre's definition of the term. Specifically, Bridges examines whether higher education has lost its sense of the forms of human excellence around which its life is constructed. Finally, he points to issues of equity raised by the huge variety of forms that higher education now takes and asks whether this variety might mean that students are winning entry to some very different qualities of experience when judged against the requirement that they should contribute to the development of human excellence.     

THE INFLUENCE OF VYGOTSKY IN MOVIMENTO DA ESCOLA MODERN A EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION CURRICULUM IN PORTUGAL

Abstract

The present study investigated specific teacher factors that potentially influence teacher‐child relationships with preschool‐age children. One demographic questionnaire and three rating scales were used to survey 152 head teachers of 3–6‐year‐old children in community‐based childcare and preschool centers in one mid‐western state. There were 46 teachers who reported on their relationship with a child with a disability or concerning developmental delay. Positive correlations were found between teacher‐child relationships and the teachers’ educational backgrounds, self‐reported teaching efficacy and parent‐teacher relationships. The parent‐teacher relationship appeared to be the strongest teacher‐related factor predicting the quality of teacher‐child relationships. Compared to other teachers, the teachers of children with delays or disabilities reported comparable parent‐teacher relationships and more positive teacher‐child relationships, especially when more than one child with concerns was reportedly enrolled in the classroom. Teachers with children who had developmental delays reported lower teaching efficacy scores. The role of parent‐teacher relationships is highlighted as a possible moderator when teachers feel less than capable or positive about individual children in their program.