学校教育权威面临的挑战及对策

学校自其产生之日起一直被人们推崇为知识的殿堂、培育人才的场所,并因此而享有"至高无上"的教育权威地位。然而,在科技迅猛发展、社会日益进步的今天,学校的教育权威却受到了来自理论领域和社会实践领域等多方面的冲击,面临着严峻的挑战。为此,学校教育要从理念和操作这两个方面努力增强自身的感召权威,谋求制度性权威与感召权威的完美结合。     

中小学教师权威的合法性探析

教师权威是教师所拥有的一种合法性权利,其合法性的基础在于国家、俗民社会以及学生的认可。国家通过法律法规以及公共舆论表达其意志,形成教师的制度权威;俗民社会经由文化传达“尊师”思想,使教师具有一定的象征性权威;学生的向师心理以及对知识的推崇,使教师的个人权威得以形成。     

Institutional Practices and the Cultural Construction of Primary School Teaching in Botswana

This paper is based on a study which explores links between the interactional order of the Botswana primary classroom-frequently dominated by whole-class recitation routines-and the wider social order, which includes highly centralised control of the education system. Drawing on ethnographic observation, I argue that the institutional structures and practices of schools and training colleges are important-but covert-contributors to teachers' understanding of their professional roles. Firstly I describe the internal social structuring of two primary schools, the social hierarchy among those who work and learn there, and the cultural distance between the schools and their communities. Then I discuss the institutional practices of the primary teacher training colleges in Botswana, arguing that these do not challenge concepts of teaching already internalised by trainees. Such concepts include the authority of teachers, the use of English as a symbol of that authority, and the value placed on memorisation of knowledge for display.     

Conceptualizing narrative authority: Implications for teacher education

In this paper I explore an alternative to the dominant authority of positivism in teacher education research and curricula through the conceptualization of narrative authority. Narrative authority is rooted in the personal practical knowledge of teacher education students, university teachers and classroom teachers as they interact within the contexts of teacher education. I begin by describing Dewey's conception of experience as individually continuous and socially interactive. I then discuss two ways in which knowledge is constructed from experience and describe how each Ivalues a different kind of authority. 1 then focus on the educative qualities of experience and show how narrative knowledge expressed through mundane and sacred stories can become taken-for-granted or be reconstructed through experience. Next, I describe how we can think of ourselves as authoring our lives through our narrative authority. I then consider the institutional narratives of teacher education in which sacred stories of apprenticeship, technical rationalism, and inquiry are embedded. I conclude by discussing some of the implications acknowledging narrative authority has for reshaping teacher education.     

对PBL中教师权威的思考

基于问题学习(Problem-based Learning,简称PBL)是当今颇受推崇的教学模式,在不同教育领域、不同层次的教育上得到了广泛的应用,但PBL在教学过程、教学方法、教学内容上的独特性,使教师的制度权威、个人权威面临挑战,因此,在PBL教学中教师要把教师权威由外显变为内隐,成为情境的领导者;由外在制度建构的先验性变为内在个人生成的过程性;由"技术性实践"向"反思性实践"的转变,做实践性学识的知识权威者;由制度权威、知识权威的强制变为感召权威的彰显,从而保留教师权威合理的影响力,消解教学权威对PBL教学的负面影响和表现,建构与PBL相适应的教师权威。     

现代社会中的知识与教育冲突

通过分析知识谱系 ,可以发现 ,现代教育在寻求一种新的教化力量 ,也就是塑造“理性化的身体”,规范世俗日常生活 ,并在此基础上维持现代社会的整合与繁荣。现代教育的这种追求在扬弃古典教育问题的同时 ,也引发了教育的现代性问题 ,即知识教化权力与个人日常生活之间的冲突。围绕这一冲突 ,后期现代教育强化了学校的社会联系 ,从而使得学生必须融入现代社会体系 ,才能找到“体面的出路”     

From old to new learning: global imperatives,exemplary Asian dilemmas and ICT as a key to cultural change in education

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) represent a crucial force for cultural change in both education and society and possible transitions between old and new learning as well as social values. This is especially so in East Asia, where the young have informally embraced ICTs but learn in formal contexts often still dominated by traditional transmission models of learning rather than the new learner‐centred theories which inform policy imperatives for innovation and reform. Educational contexts like Singapore and Hong Kong are particularly exemplary because they have been so progressive in policy initiatives for ICT integration and reform in formal education, imperatives which conflict in practice with still dominant traditional learning expectations, teaching practices and models of assessment. As typified by such contexts, this paper investigates how the pedagogical dilemmas of a tension between old and new models of learning need to be understood and approached in terms of related and overlapping institutional and social dilemmas of change.     

Being Good and Living Well: Three Attempts to Resolve an Ambiguity

The dichotomy between virtue and self-interest or pleasure is held to face modern moral educators with a conflict between the interest of society and that of their pupils, as well as presenting obvious motivational difficulties. Three possibilities for mitigating this conflict are offered. First, it is argued that virtue is an essential constituent of our well-being insofar as even undetected wickedness isolates us from others. Second, young people, alienated by the negative nature of conventional morality, may respond positively to certain moral appeals in a way that is fulfilling and life-enhancing. Third, it is argued that moral education which emphasises the rights of young people themselves alongside those of others would be both more reputable and more effective than that based on the opposition between virtue and self-interest or pleasure.     

国家教育权与家庭教育权紧张的原因探析——以需求与责任的关系为分析维度

孟母堂被取缔表明我国的国家教育权与家庭教育权之间存在矛盾。从需求-责任关系的两种运行方式分析了二者关系紧张的原因，认为是我国政府权威类型转变的相对落后使家庭对教育的需求难以上升为权利，从而导致二者出现矛盾。     

关于新时期基础教育财政体制改革的思考

中国现行基础教育财政体制形成于20世纪80年代,需要从体制上创新以适应新时期的要求。从各级政府责任,多渠道投资体制与学校使命的冲突,以及学校的监督成本与激励结构三方面,分析现行基础教育财政体制存在的问题,提出了新时期基础教育财政体制改革的新构想。     

The challenge of sustaining change: contradictions within the development of teacher and librarian collaboration

Teacher and librarian collaboration has relatively low priority in schools and in educational research. This is a paradox, as teachers and librarians share a common social and educational mandate of literacy education. The purpose of this article is to examine this paradox through exploring systemic contradictions in teacher and librarian collaboration within literacy education. Our data consist of discursive interaction between project leaders in an educational intervention project in Norway. The aim of the intervention is to develop teacher and librarian collaboration in two primary schools. Our analytical starting point is a critical conflict that occurred in one of the project leader meetings. The conflict arises from differing discourses of literacy education held by the local education authority and by the intervention project. We analyze how the project leaders respond to the conflict, how the conflict triggers new tensions and dilemmas within the project leader group and how the conflict creates obstacles to sustaining teacher and librarian collaboration in the project schools. We argue that sustainable change can be achieved by tracing conflicts, dilemmas and tensions to systemic contradictions within and between activity systems.     

教育中的反智主义及其超越

反智主义是一种反对或怀疑理智、知识以及知识分子的社会态度或倾向。在当前我国教育领域,它主要表现为“泛工具化”、“泛兴趣化”、“泛情感化”等形式。其根源在于当代中国社会作为“专业社会”面临着知识权威的失落、作为“市场社会”导致了对实利的过分崇拜、作为“政治社会”呈现出对知识价值的贬抑。要超越反智主义的限制,就需要回归教育本身,以理智自主为根本目的,促使个体真正从自身出发获得对有价值事物内在利益的认知和理解。     

免费师范生就业为何偏离政策初衷——基于社会流动的视角

从社会流动的视角考察免费师范生教育政策,高等教育的社会流动功能刺激免费师范生的教育需求,是农村家庭选择免费师范生教育的主要原因。但是个体的流动意愿与政府的政策要求之间的矛盾导致免费师范生就业偏离政策初衷,协调二者之间的矛盾是免费师范生就业政策调整的关键。深入推进免费师范生教育,应提高农村地区教师的工资水平和福利待遇,缩小城乡教师收入差距;调整现有免费师范生教育政策,适当满足免费师范生的流动意愿;消除城乡二元社会结构的制度性障碍,降低免费师范生的社会流动成本。     

Research on Higher Education in Europe

Research on higher education grew in European countries from scattered individual activities towards a certain degree of visibility in the 1970s, largely as consequence of growing public problem awareness. In the 1980s, it experienced a set-back due to declining public interest in higher education as a key issue of societal policies. From the late 1980s onwards, research in this domain again drew attention and support in the wake of debates about the knowledge society, new modes of steering and management and the increasing internationalisation of higher education. However, growth and consolidation of this research were accompanied by a more rapid growth of policy-geared information collection and dissemination in the framework of evaluation, consultancy, expert commissions and the daily work of the growing number of higher education professionals. Research on higher education often does not have a solid institutional base and it both benefits and suffers from the fact that it is a theme-base area of research, drawing from different disciplines, and that the borderline is fuzzy between researchers and other experts on higher education. But a growth and quality improvement of research on higher education can be observed in recent years — certainly to some extent due to growing cooperation of researchers across Europe and to increasing cooperation in comparative projects. In the future, the first steps undertaken to establish study programmes for higher education experts could turn out be beneficial not only for the dissemination of research findings, but also for the quality of young researchers in this domain.     

Liberal education reconsidered: cultivating humanity in the knowledge society

In the knowledge society, there is a conflict between “education for profit” and “education for humanity.” Education for profit is needed for students’ economic survival and success in the knowledge economy. Education for humanity is needed for their existential lives worthy of human beings. This paper deals with the question of whether it is possible to educate for humanity in the knowledge society. First, I suggested a complemented concept of “education for profit in the broad sense,” transforming the knowledge society for a better one. Second, I discussed Biesta’s criticism of “cultivation of humanity,” defending using this term as a general and honorific sense. Finally, I explained how an expanded concept of education for profit in the broad sense is compatible with the cultivation of humanity. Education for profit in the broad sense, considering the disadvantaged in the social and political sense, is to teach virtues such as caring, compassion, justice, etc. Teaching various values in addition to economic value also contributes to the cultivation of humanity by enriching human life. Teaching various learning skills for continuous learning, “social capital” as well as intellectual knowledge, global citizenship, communal relationship, is to cultivate one’s self-learning capacity. I concluded the paper by reconsidering directions of liberal education in the knowledge society.     

政府与学府:权威博弈、伙伴关系与责任指向

从历史发展的基本轨迹看,政府与学府经历了由“分立”到“缝合”的过程。在这一过程中,学府的社会治理作用不断强化,在社会治理结构中逐渐成为仅次于政治权威的另一种权威即学术权威。在现代社会的治理体系中,两种权威正发挥着不同的治理作用,两者的博弈也时时刻刻地存在。两种治理权威在多次博弈后,通过营造伙伴关系,逐渐成为社会治理的“轴心力量”,因此,两者也承载着更多的社会治理责任。     

社会学视角中的高等教育质量理论

为了理解高等教育质量,我们需要关注作为其前提的知识的作用。因为知识是大学学术工作的基础,它直接或间接地关系到高等教育文化的多样性。换句话说,知识形成了认知、诊断和处理高等教育质量问题的基础。本论文从知识的作用及知识重建的视角,分别就以下五个方面以日本为案例来研究质量保障的方法:知识的作用;知识社会和高等教育的关系;打造学习中心:日本文化和西方文化的冲突;多样化的知识:分裂、分化和冲突;探索新的大学模式。     

The internationalization of Canadian university research: a global higher education matrix analysis of multi-level governance

To date, much of the research on internationalization and globalization of higher education has focused on the institution or higher education system as the unit of analysis. Institution based studies have focused on the analysis of institutional practices and policies designed to further internationalization. System-level studies focus on state policy initiatives or approaches. In this paper we explore the inter-relationships among multiple levels of authority within a higher education system through an analysis of research policies and activities related to internationalization. While we are interested in the internationalization of university research, our primary objective is to explore the relationships between policy initiatives and approaches at different levels. Using the “Global Higher Education Matrix” as a framework, we discuss the policy emphasis on the internationalization of research at the federal, provincial (Ontario), and institutional levels of authority, as well as the international research activities associated with two large professional schools operating at the understructure level. By focusing on the inter-relationships among initiatives at different levels of authority, this study explores the complexity of policy perspectives within the internationalization of research in the context of multi-level governance.     

试析转型时期影响大学生就业的主要因素

我国当前的社会转型是在政治、经济、文化等方面由传统社会向现代社会转化的过程。社会转型时期，影响大学生就业的主要因素不仅包括社会体制、经济、教育文化等方面变化与调整的社会因素，还包括个体的知识素质、自我评价、心理冲突等个体因素，本文将对这些因素进行分析。