一生要换七份工作?

<正>美国人真的像换汽车和冰箱一样地频繁换工作吗?正如美国就业者看到的在劳工节周末出台的美国最新月度失业数据所显示的那样,职场的变幻莫测是美国人目前关注的重点。如今美国民众听     

PARAPROFESSIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN GERONTOLOGY

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the amount of formal coursework in the field of aging and the degree of positive attitudes demonstrated by professional workers in gerontological settings. Information was gathered to determine if there is a relationship between increased formal education in aging and commitment to the field. Although no significant relationship was found between the numbers of courses taken, positive attitudes, or the degree of commitment, the data did show that the more years a person works in the field the stronger the commitment that person holds for continued work in the aging field.     

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN GERONTOLOGY

If training programs with older participants can be implemented and evaluated through Title IV‐A of the Older Americans Act, the gerontological community can compare the relative merits of these types of programs with the more typical ones that train younger adults to serve older persons. An emphasis on older participants may be particularly relevant in the 1980s, when career training for younger adults in the human service occupations appears to be less promising. Older participants are more likely to complete training programs and enter part‐time or volunteer work. Studies have found older participants to be competent trainees, effective workers, and likely candidates to improve self‐esteem. However, much work needs to be done in the area of program evaluation. The Institute of Gerontology at the University of the District of Columbia has developed and implemented three training programs with older participants. Two future objectives of the Institute are to evaluate the programs with more rigorous methodologies and to encourage similar programs to be developed, implemented, and evaluated at ofher institutions of higher education.     

WOMEN'S CAREERS IN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This introductory article by the Chairman of the Special Committee for Humanities of the Austrian Commission for UNESCO introduces the conference, the proceedings of which follow. The author gives a brief history of one of the co‐sponsors, the Institute for East and South‐East European Studies of Austria, following it with a few references to the admission of women to selected European universities in the mid‐nineteenth century. The question asked is whether or not a good university education suffices for a woman to be able to undertake a successful career in research and development (R&D).     

THE UNEQUAL EQUALITIES OF WOMEN'S ACADEMIC CAREERS IN ALBANIA

Until the end of the Second World War, the population of Albania was more than 80 per cent illiterate; women, more than 90 per cent. Great progress was made, however, in education after 1946. During the 1950's, women gained access to higher education. Despite anti‐feminist, traditional attitudes towards women which persist in Albania, women now make up more than 50 per cent of all university students in the country, one third of the teaching staff at the University of Tirana, and one fourth of the staff in Albanian higher education and research as a whole. Nevertheless, the progress of Albanian women in academic careers is still very slow. The statistics indicate that the sexual equality achieved with regard to access to higher education turns into in‐equality further on in academic careers. Both in terms of academic qualifications and the filling of ranking positions in higher education and research institutions, women are a liny minority as compared to men.     

MENTORING IN GERONTOLOGY EDUCATION: NEW GRADUATE STUDENT PERSPECTIVES

Involvement in a mentor-student relationship is an invaluable experience for new graduate students. These students frequently have opportunities and experiences provided to them by their mentor that may be otherwise unattainable. Mentoring can help new graduate students develop academically, personally, and professionally. This article describes mentoring in gerontology education from the perspectives and personal experiences of new graduate students in sociology and gerontology. Discussed in this article are types and phases of mentoring, the need for a mentor in gerontology education, selection a mentor, and issues related to mentoring and career advancement.     

AN APPROACH IN GERONTOLOGY EDUCATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY STUDENTS

This article outlines the undergraduate degree and postgraduate diploma programs offered by the School of Occupational Therapy at the South Australian Institute of Technology, Adelaide. It gives particular focus to the gerontology component of the undergraduate program and demonstrates how the mission and content of this unit reflect the professional purpose. Finally, some challenges and dilemmas confronting the educator in delivering such a course are outlined in the hope that others may respond and some common ground may be identified.     

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN GERONTOLOGY FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN GERIATRICS

Geriatrics, a new medical specialty, is closely linked with scientific research in experimental gerontology, the biology of aging, and social gerontology and gerohygiene. The importance of using gerontological research data and data on relationships between the aged, family, and society is discussed. Emphasis is placed on (1) the development of diseases of the aged, (2) the significance of genetic factors on aging, (3) the relationship between chronological and biological age, and (4) the importance of physiological reactions in the aged to various types of treatment. The significance of international cooperation in the improvement of education and training of medical personnel in geriatrics is also stressed.     

BROADENING MULTIDISCIPLINARY AWARENESS IN GERONTOLOGY THROUGH FACULTY SUMMER INTERNSHIPS

The authors describe the efforts of a faculty development program in gerontology initiated at a private, nondenominational institution in Central New York State. With the help of an anonymously awarded grant covering a three‐year period, nine summer internships involving 11 faculty members were funded. The projects afforded the awardees, none of whom possessed any formal training in gerontology, the opportunity to work among elderly populations. As a direct result of the experience, each of the faculty members began to infuse gerontology into his or her curricula. Suggestions for replicating this program through existing faculty development efforts are made.     

TEACHING RESEARCH IN GERONTOLOGY: TOWARD A CUMULATIVE MODEL

In this article, we consider different approaches to teaching research methods in gerontology across a continuum of educational program levels. Our goal is to offer a conceptual framework and stimulate productive discussion of key issues and challenges in teaching research in gerontology. It is our belief that education in gerontology should include some level of training in research methodologies across all levels of gerontology instruction. Therefore, we have sought to identify those components of research training most appropriate for each level of gerontological education. Thus, basic understanding of research methods is appropriate at the associate's degree level and introductory exposure to basic issues involved in conducting research with elders provides a necessary backdrop to undergraduate programs. More in-depth understanding of gerontological research methods, particularly those involved in applied research, is a component of quality master's level programs. Finally, in-depth knowledge and the ability to apply distinctively gerontological research methods are necessary for conducting advanced original research at the doctoral level.     

CAREERS IN ACADEMIA: Professorial,Professional, and Entrepreneurial

Research in Higher Education -     

THE CHANGING ROLE OF CAREERS SERVICES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

The strength of specialist careers advisory services in United Kingdom universities is linked to the in loco parentis tradition and also to the tradition of occupational flexibility on graduation. The evolution of such services from appointments boards to careers services is traced in terms of three sequential changes: the impact of counselling, the growth of careers education, and the move towards an open‐access style of delivery. The overlap of roles between careers services and teaching departments is analyzed in relation to individual guidance and placement, and particularly in relation to careers education. The extent of overlap tends to vary between vocational, semi‐vocational, and non‐vocational courses. The emergence of the concept of personal transferable skills has encouraged new forms of partnership between careers services and teaching departments. This development raises questions about where careers services should be located organizationally within higher education institutions. Should they, for example, be aligned to other student services, to academic services, or to marketing services? What organizational benefits do institutions seek from such services? Are they part of the core offer made to students, or additional.services which are open to. review in terms of their specific costs and benefits?     

MEN AND WOMEN IN ACADEMIC CAREERS AT BELARUS STATE UNIVERSITY

The author has focussed on the situation of women academics at Belarus State University. Wishing to ascertain whether or not women are objects of discrimination, she concludes, despite statistics which indicate a paucity of women at the upper levels of the academic hierarchy and in all levels in the sciences, that the problem is that women are barred from competing effectively for the top positions by heavy household and family duties which are not borne by men. Were this burden to be shared equally by men and women, the career chances of women in the academic world might be roughly equal to those of men. However, because of the socio‐economic crisis which Belarus is experiencing and the resulting effects on the university, the normal university career structure is in disarray. Nevertheless, even in today's conditions, it would be difficult to prove the existence of deliberate discrimination against women academics.     

LEARNING AND DOING: THE IMPORTANCE OF SERVICE-LEARNING IN GERONTOLOGY

Service-learning is an approach to teaching and learning that has great potential for gerontology. The articles in this special issue present a wealth of conceptual and practical information about how to create service-learning opportunities, manage them effectively, and evaluate them appropriately. This article identifies several common themes in the articles and offers an administrative perspective on the role and value of service-learning.     

ACADEMIC CAREERS IN POLAND: DOES GENDER MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

The article analyses some of the problems of academic women in Poland. It begins with an historical survey of the status of educated and professional women in Poland beginning with the end of the eighteenth century and then focusses on the social and political determinants and the differences and similarities of the recruitment patterns and the course of the careers of women and men in the academic world. Women, the author recognizes, are underrepresented in academic and scientific careers in comparison with men; however, the problem stems as much from the perceived role of women in society at large as from blatant sexual discrimination. The situation is slowly improving, but women need to form organizations to further their collective interests.     

CAREERS FOR MEN AND WOMEN IN BRITISH UNIVERSITIES: EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTION

This article considers the position of women academics in British universities. It begins with an historical survey of the evolution of the university teaching career in the United Kingdom, with special reference to women. It then concentrates on the entry of women into academic careers, particularly after the Second World War. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the latest trends in higher education in the United Kingdom, especially attempts to make universities more cost effective, to rate their performance via performance indicators, and to attune them to the needs of the business world. These trends may end up making academic careers in the United Kingdom relatively less attractive than they were in the past, while inadvertently providing for greater feminization.