The development of ICT across the curriculum in Irish schools: A historical perspective

This literature review explores the historical development of information and communication technology (ICT) in Irish postprimary/secondary schools and examines how the education system has responded to the various ICT initiatives and policy changes. The review has found that despite national policy and significant ICT initiatives, it appears that the use of computer technology has instead evolved independent of these changes. The various policy nudges throughout the past three decades have had limited impact on the nature of its use. The predominant use of the technology lies within discrete informatics subjects which tend to focus on learning about the technology rather than learning with it. Future ICT policy needs to be cognisant of the past, particularly how national ICT initiatives are mediated within schools and the powerful influence of the prevailing ICT culture on external ICT initiatives.     

Examining the role of the ICT coordinator in Irish post-primary schools

This paper reports on a study into the roles and attitudes of ICT coordinators in a sample of 37 schools in the Republic of Ireland. The research took an interpretative stance employing both questionnaires and interviews to explore the participants’ experiences. The study revealed that the ICT coordinators’ roles varied across schools. This variation was evident in the status of the position with considerable variance in the time allocated for their duties. In line with previous research, their duties appeared to be targeted towards maintenance and upkeep of equipment. The study raises questions relating to the gap in the rhetoric of the ICT coordinator’s role and the reality of their day-to-day duties. The study also questions the prevailing discourse in relation to moves towards greater levels of pedagogical leadership, as opposed to maintenance and support.     

The ambiguous embrace: twenty years of IT (ICT) in UK primary schools

School inspection reports, at the end of the 20th Century, in both Scottish and English primary schools, clearly identify the use of ICT as the weakest aspect of professional practice. On this evidence, despite initial certainty of political purpose and considerable optimism regarding its effects on teaching and learning, ICT remains, after twenty years, a marginal force in the education of 5–12 year–olds. Though numerous research studies in the 1980's and 1990's seemed to have identified the conditions for the effective transfer of ICT into primary schools and repeated governmental initiatives invested heavily in both infrastructure and training, teachers have not embraced ICT within their core practice. This paper suggests that the adoption of exclusively rational, perhaps hyper–rational, methodologies, by researchers working in the mainstream of schools and teacher education institutions has resulted in a failure to understand the complex cultural, psychological and political characteristics of schools. Alternative avenues for research are proposed.     

The impact of ICT initiatives in Scottish schools: cultural issues

At the beginning of a series of ICT initiatives in Scottish schools by the Scottish Executive and again, two years later, a survey of teachers and pupils provided evidence of the impact that these strategic investments had made on the classroom. The findings indicate that while there are innovative and enthusiastic teachers taking advantage of the opportunities afforded, a number of practical and cultural obstacles remained. While practical shortcomings, such as access to suitable hardware and software, might be fairly readily overcome if the financial will were there, the culture and practices of the school may prove more stubborn. The focus in this paper is on the views, hopes and expectations of the primary and secondary teachers who participated in the surveys and how they will influence the implementation of the ICT initiatives.

Au commencement d'une série d'initiatives de recherche sur l'utilisation de l'informatique dans les établissements scolaires écossais à l'initiative du ‘Scottish Executive‘, et, encore deux années plus tard, des sondages ont été réalisé au près des enseignants et des étudiants. Ces sondages ont montré l’impact que ces investissements financiers pour l’informatique ont fait dans les salles de classe. Les conclusions indiquent que bien qu'il y ait un nombre de professeurs innovateurs et enthousiastes qui profitent pleinement de ces chances, il reste pour certains autres des obstacles pratiques et culturels. Les obstacles pratiques, par exemple, l'accès à des logiciels et à des softwares appropriés, pourraient être assez facilement surmontés si des financements étaient disponibles. Par contre, les obstacles culturels et les détails pratiques dans certaines écoles pourraient être plus difficiles à surmonter. Cet article parle des opinions, des espoirs et des espérances des enseignants qui ont participé à ces sondages et de la façon dont ils influenceront la réalisation de ces initiatives par rapport à l'informatique.

Al principio de una serie de iniciativas de informática en escuelas escocesas por parte del gobierno autonómico escocés y una vez más, dos años después, una encuesta de maestros y alumnos proporcionó evidencia del impacto que estas inversiones estratégicas habían producido en el aula escolar. Los resultados indican que mientras los maestros más innovadores y entusiastas sacan provecho de las oportunidades ofrecidas, aún existen un número de obstáculos prácticos y culturales. Mientras que los problemas prácticos, tales como el acceso a software y hardware adecuados, pueden solucionarse en cierto modo con la ayuda económica adecuada, los aspectos culturales y prácticos de las escuelas pueden resultar más difíciles de solucionar. El enfoque de este ensayo está en las opiniones, esperanzas y expectativas de los profesores de primaria y secundaria que participaron en las encuestas, y en cómo van a influenciar la puesta en práctica de estas iniciativas informáticas.

Am Anfang einer Reihe von ICT Initiativen in schottischen Schulen durch die Scottish Executive (Scottische Regierung) und noch einmal 2 Jahre später erbrachten Untersuchungen von Lehern und Schülern den Nachweis der Bedeutung, die diese strategischen Investitionen in den Klassenräumen gemacht hatten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass trotz innovativer und enthusiastischer Pädagogen, die die bereitgestellten Möglichkeiten vorteilhaft nutzten, eine Anzal von praktischen und kulturellen Hindernissen bestehen blieb. Während praktische Unzulänglichkeiten, wie die Bereitstellung geeigneter hard‐und software, relativ schnell überwunden werden können, wenn der finanzielle Wille vorhanden ist, erwiesen sich kulturelle Hindernisse und die Schulpraxis an sich als schwieriger zu verändern. Der Fokus dieses Papiers liegt auf den Ansichten, Hoffnungen und Ertwartungen der Primarstufen‐ und Sekundarstufenlehrer, die an den Untersuchungen teilnahmen und wie diese die Implementierung der ICT Initiativen beeinflussen.     

The Use of ICT in Education: a survey of schools in Europe

The Survey of Schools: ICT in education commissioned in 2011 by the European Commission took place between January 2011 and November 2012, with data collection in autumn 2011. This article presents the main findings of the Survey based on over 190,000 questionnaire answers from students, teachers and head teachers in primary, lower and upper secondary schools randomly sampled. The article details the analytical framework design and the survey methodology implemented. It then presents the main ‘state of the art’ indicators that have been built, concerning ICT infrastructure and access to it, frequency of students' ICT based activities during lessons, level of teachers' and students' confidence in their digital competences, their opinion about using ICT for teaching and learning, and the school strategies to support ICT integration in teaching and learning. The article also presents the main findings of the exploratory part of the analysis, introducing the concepts of digitally supportive school, digitally confident and supportive teacher and digitally confident and supportive student, estimating their respective proportion at EU level on average and by country and investigating whether high percentage of digitally supportive schools include high percentages of digitally confident and positive teachers and students. A few recommendations for policy making at European, national, regional/local and institutional levels conclude the article.     

基于“支架理论”视角下的早期阅读

"支架理论"对早期阅读有六点启示:澄清观念为基本前提、儿童为本为核心理念、多样化阅读为集中体现、语言环境创设为关键因素、师幼互动为现实途径、多元评价为检验方式。     

香港高中学生的社会资本对高等教育需求的影响分析

本文从社会资本理论的视角,以香港高中生作为实证研究对象,将学生家庭的社会资本区分为学生个人和父母两个独立的分析单位,探讨学生如何运用其个人及父母的社会资本创造人力资本。研究发现香港高中生的公开考试成绩和其个人的社会资本是影响其升学、择校和择业的显著影响因素,高中生的家庭背景变量对这三类选择行为的影响则不显著。     

The last place to look: the place of pupil councils within citizen participation in Scottish schools

This article critically examines pupil councils as a means of developing pupils’ citizenship participation. It draws on findings across two research projects. The first study is a mixed method study commissioned by Learning and Teaching Scotland (LTS) that reviews the range of participatory activities in Scottish schools and their contribution to Scotland’s major curriculum revision, the Curriculum for Excellence (CFE). The second is a longer ethnographic study examining young people’s experience of participation projects in more detail. The findings lend strength to the argument that pupil councils as a stand-alone approach are not an effective means of citizenship participation. When pupil councils are complemented by other participation activity across spheres of school interaction, young people’s understanding of and interest in participation can be greatly enhanced. The article examines the cross curricular linkages schools are making, the barriers that impede such linkages and the benefits derived from successful coordinated approaches in light of criteria for ‘graduated participation’ developed through decades of work internationally on children’s participation.     

Women,capitalism and education: On the pedagogical implications of postfeminism

Abstract

We examine the emergence of the ‘postfeminist’ sensibility from feminist theory and praxis, and its relation and relevance to education. Analytical frameworks such as postfeminism and intersectionality have given equal weight to recognition-based struggles, such as those based on sexual, racial, class-based, gender-related identities. We follow Nancy Fraser’s argument that these identity-based movements have been co-opted by neoliberal politicians and bureaucratic policy-makers, and become a divide and rule strategy, neglecting the subjugating power of capital. Beginning with third-wave feminism’s emphasis on individual identity, women’s struggles have been become a part of the greater parisitic neoliberal project. We consider the implications of this docile and domesticated feminism for the education of women.     

人力资本理论对人力资源理论形成和发展的作用

人力资本理论的产生发展，确立了人力资源在组织中的重要地位，形成了人力资源开发理论，使人力资源理论发展成为完整的理论体系。     

ICT for education: a conceptual framework for the sustainable adoption of technology-enhanced learning environments in schools

The paper presents an evaluation of student and tutor experiences in the introductory module of a European Masters programme in e‐Learning, Multimedia and Consultancy. The aims and outline of the Masters programme are described, together with the pedagogical approach adopted in the introductory module which explores open and flexible learning environments with students and tutors from four European countries. The second part of the paper evaluates the success of the teaching and learning that occurred in this unit, from the perspective of both the students and tutors. Data collected include student and tutor written evaluations, reflections on the authors’ own roles in the programme, and analysis of the products contained in the environment. The paper concludes by detailing future developments in the Masters programme that have been influenced by this cycle of evaluation.     

人力资本理论对职业院校教育改革的启示

以舒尔茨、贝克尔等人为代表的一批经济学家,在分析现代经济超常规增长原因的过程中,提出了人力资本理论。人力资本理论认为,人力资源是所有资源中最为关键的资源,其核心在于通过教育投资来提升人口质量,体现了实用主义的价值观。人力资本理论推动了教育经济学的发展,对于职业院校教育改革具有重要意义。为此,政府应重视并宏观调控职业教育,要注重学生实践能力的培养,要强化校企合作,要完善经费投入保障机制。     

人力资本理论与教育投资问题新探

近年来 ,我国教育投资持续升温 ,人力资本理论为教育投资提供了理论基础 ;然而 ,教育投资是否应仅局限于知识和技能方面的教育投资 ,以及当前我国教育投资热潮中面临着一些不可忽视的问题尚需探讨 ,例如唯经济教育化等 ,本文对此进行了详尽阐述并提出相应政策建议。     

The impact and the implications of policy regarding the organisation of support for pupils with dyslexia in Irish primary mainstream schools

There have been vast changes in relation to the way educational teaching support provision is organised for pupils with dyslexia in Ireland. A qualitative research approach was utilised to examine the impact and implications of the General Allocation Model (GAM) regarding the organisation of support for pupils with dyslexia in Irish Primary mainstream schools. At the time of the research, GAM was the model of resourcing which allowed autonomy at school level in terms of organising support for pupils with dyslexia. Since then, a new model of resourcing [Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2017). SP ED 13.17: Circular to the Management Authorities of all Mainstream Primary Schools Special Education Teaching Allocation. Dublin: Stationery Office] has been implemented which also generates autonomy at school level albeit using a different allocation process. This paper raises concerns that the needs of pupils with dyslexia were not always met by the GAM model. Issues around the effectiveness of whole school approaches, the intensity of support for pupils with severe dyslexia, group size for this support, the application of differentiated approaches, and teacher expertise may have implications for how the new model for allocating resources is organised in schools. In conclusion, it is proposed that schools require further guidance and support in operationalising resourcing models to effectively meet the needs of pupils with dyslexia.     

20世纪以来清初岭南诗僧群研究综述

清初岭南诗僧群是特定时空背景下崛起的一个规模庞大、特色鲜明的诗人群体,但主要成员之诗文集在乾隆年间悉被四库馆禁毁,致使他们的文学成就及人格风范长期湮没无闻。20世纪以来,学界初步展开了对此诗群的研究,并取得了不少重要成果。展望今后研究之方向,当融通文史哲、艺术、宗教等学科的方法进行综合系统之研究。     

A theoretical framework for the study of ICT in schools: a proposal

A sociocultural approach towards the study of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education rejects the view that ICT can be studied in isolation; it must be studied within the broader context in which it is situated. The paper argues for a more holistic approach of studying ICT in schools by adopting a sociocultural perspective. It proposes a theoretical framework based on activity theory, with the activity system as a unit of analysis that is surrounded by different levels of ecological circles.     

人力资本绩效在企业绩效中的地位分析

企业是人力资本与非人力资本、人力资本之间的一般契约,也是各类(一般型、专业型、创新型)人力资本所拥有的能力存量的物质载体。企业绩效既取决于企业契约的合理安排,也取决于企业拥有的能力存量,二者均取决于人力资本及其绩效。为提高企业绩效,发挥企业人力资本绩效的决定作用,必须从人力资本出发进行相应的制度安排和机制设计。     

Social structures in the economics of international education: perspectives from Vietnamese international tertiary students

Drawing on the findings from in-depth interviews with Vietnamese international students studying at Australian universities, this article presents insights into the sociological influences that stem from international students' social networks, at home and abroad, and how they impact on students' aspirations and engagement in international education. Underpinned by Bourdieu's social capital framework, this article critically challenges human capital ideology for its assumptions of individualism and utilitarian function of education as economic goals. The implication for international education providers is to create learning and living opportunities that consider students' social and cultural conditions so as to develop their capacity, self-determination and citizenship.     

Political Education in the Early Years: The place of civic virtues

Citizenship education needs to start from the values and associated institutional practices and civic virtues of liberal democracy. Citizens need political knowledge and skills but they also need to be certain sorts of people, to exercise civic virtues. The view that civic virtues are unnecessary in a democracy is considered and rejected, as is the view that civic education should not begin in the first school. It is argued that the fostering of civic virtues can and should begin in the first school, primarily through its organisation and ethos. For it to do so, however, attention needs to be devoted to it in teacher education.     

近代以来非西方国家的“爱国”与“卖国”之争

近代以来非西方国家的“爱国”与“卖国”之争是一种复杂的历史现象，是随着西方殖民主义者的入侵而产生的。这时期．有的行为是爱国还是卖国。实际上不容易看清楚。西方人的入侵激发出东方国家反抗和学习西方人的双重反应。“反抗”和“学习”的矛盾．成为许许多多“爱国”与“卖国”之争的总根源：因为“老师”总是欺侮“学生”。所以打开国门和开放很容易被戴上卖国的帽子。中国人在开放国门问题上有偏“左”的习惯。是近代以来的一种基本倾向，但我们在指出其消极面时．也不能一概抹杀这种争论的意义．