分布式环境下基于多UIO 的测试序列生成方法

In developing distributed systems, conformance testing is required to determine whether an implementation under test （IUT） conforms to its specification. With distributed test architectures involving multiple remote testers, testing approaches may become more complicated because of issues known as controllability and observability problems. Based on a finite state machine （FSM） representation of the system＇s specification, this paper proposes a new method to generate a test sequence utilizing multiple UIO sequences. The method is essentially guided by the way of minimizing the use of external coordination messages and input/output operations. Experiments are given to evaluate the proposed method.     

动态投入产出控制系统的性质

针对参考文献[8]建立的动态投入产出模型的控制系统,研究了该系统的能控性、能观性和稳定性等性质,文章认为系统具有能反映实际情况的性质:能控性和不稳定性,并给出了系统能观的判断方法。     

基于计算机辅助普通话水平测试背景下的测试员管理研究

高校是普通话水平测试的重点领域,计算机辅助普通话水平测试是普通话测试的新手段。本文提出测试员具有四项重要任务,即进行普通话水平测试、从事普通话教学、在全社会推广普通话和从事语言研究,并提出在计算机辅助测试背景下,测试员的工作重心由前两者向后两者转移的工作思路。本文探讨了测试员管理制度,强调了测试员应具备的能力,并着重分析了新背景下测试员工作的八个方向。     

如何做好预算执行情况分析

预算执行分析工作对于发现、研究和解决预算执行中存在的问题,充分发挥财政的宏观调控和监督职能,管好用好财政资金,提高财政工作水平,进而促进经济社会事业发展,维护社会稳定都有着十分重要的意义。     

提高普通话水平测试员的素质 确保测试的公正

普通话水平测试实践表明,不同测试员的评分结果存在差异,影响了测试评分的稳定。维护普通话水平测试的信度和效度,保障普通话推广工作持续健康的发展,建设一支高素质的测试员队伍是今后相当长一段时期内的重要工作。测试员的素质主要包括较高的道德修养、过硬的理论功底和良好的测评能力。     

从施考看PETS口试的效度和信度——PETS口试考官从亲身经历谈起

PETS口试属于直接性口试,施考和评分同时进行,其效度和信度会受到多种因素的影响。本文从PETS口试考官的角度,结合英语测试理论与实践,阐述PETS口试在施考中存在的影响效度和信度的各种问题,并提出改进建议。     

Fostering Creativity Through Engineering Projects

Final year projects are a showcase for engineering students’ creativity. All final year engineering students at Swinburne University of Technology are required to spend part of their final semester of studies developing and completing various aspects of a major project. The theme of the project work is defined either by industrial sponsors or academic supervisors or by both. In addition, project guidelines are provided by the university for the final submission and completion of the work. The project may be any combination of research, design or developmental work. Within the constraints required by these factors, students’ creativity in their approach and execution of the project work may be both limited and expanded to simulate conditions experienced in a work environment. The culmination of the project work is in a written, oral and visual presentation to a professional audience. It is the students’ own creativity which determines not only the format of all three forms of presentations, but also their assessment which is again limited or enhanced by constraints of time and resources. Examples of project work creativity are presented which highlight and emphasize the broad spectrum which such creativity can encompass.     

地方财政预算管理中的问题与对策

实行分税制财税体制后 ,地方财政预算管理在实践中存在着一些问题 ,如预算编制和预算执行中的计划与征收脱节、定性指标和目标性定量支出过多过滥、地区财政收入紧张、资金使用效率低等问题 .对此作者从实际工作出发 ,提出了改进预算编制、规范预算执行等切实可行的对策 .     

NLP中可分函数的线性逼近法

线性逼近法是求解非线性规划问题（NLP）的一种重要方法,目标函数可分约束条件是线性约束时的NPL的线性逼近的特殊方法．     

飞机结构强度试验安装顺序的遗传算法优化

大型飞机结构进行静力强度试验之前会有大量的安装工作,安装过程中涉及高空作业中人员的上下、各种特殊工具的转换、吊装过程中部件的调整等问题。在安装部件确定的情况下,不同的安装顺序会显著影响安装效率。利用遗传算法对此问题进行了优化。综合考虑了安装作业的连续性、试验件安全性、装配工人的变动次数、高空作业量、使用装配工具的连续性5个要素的影响,建立了适应度函数表达式。提出了安装顺序必须满足的4个约束条件,并通过在适应度函数中增加罚函数的方法,自动淘汰掉不满足安装顺序约束条件的解。解决了结构强度试验安装顺序多目标、带约束的问题。以某型飞机平尾结构试验为例进行安装顺序优化,得到了符合工程实际的安装顺序,可加快安装进度、节省人力物力、提高安装精度、降低安装风险。     

Learning computer science concepts with Scratch

Scratch is a visual programming environment that is widely used by young people. We investigated if Scratch can be used to teach concepts of computer science (CS). We developed learning materials for middle-school students that were designed according to the constructionist philosophy of Scratch and evaluated them in a few schools during two years. Tests were constructed based upon a novel combination of the revised Bloom taxonomy and the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome taxonomy. These instruments were augmented with qualitative tools, such as observations and interviews. The results showed that students could successfully learn important concepts of CS, although there were problems with some concepts such as repeated execution, variables, and concurrency. We believe that these problems can be overcome by modifications to the teaching process that we suggest.     

论软件测试的系统构成

现代软件测试理论和实践证明,软件测试不再只是软件开发中的一个阶段,而是自成为一个系统,与软件开发同步进行。软件测试由制订测试计划、测试设计、实施测试、执行测试和评估测试这五个部分构成,每个部分都有其目的和任务,它们依次进行,协同作用,确保了整个软件测试的有序进行。     

企业管理信息化基本问题探讨

企业管理信息化是增强企业市场竞争力的客观需要。企业在实施管理信息化过程中 ,应明确信息化系统的基本构成内容 ,以最大限度地满足用户需求为目标 ,对设计、采购、制造、库存、销售、财务等业务运作进行系统整合 ,针对企业信息化存在的共性问题加以解决 ,正确处理好信息化实施中的各种关系 ,最终提高企业信息化的运作效率。     

我国大规模英语水平考试偏重选择题的倾向亟待纠正（三）

过分依赖和使用选择题的效果颇显荒诞：在施考眼里。单纯通过客观测试所获得的分数并不能准确反映学习的实际外语水平；而对于参试来说，专门用于对付客观测试的应试能力于他们日后使用外语的实际情形也没有实际的帮助。意识到了问题的严重性，我们应该立即采取措施扭转应试教育的被动局面。笔认为，我们应该根据自身国情和发展需求建立有自己特色的外语评价体系，这是我国外语教育事业健康发展的需要。本第三部分就这一问题提出了几点具体建议。     

Test Design and Speededness

A critical component of test speededness is the distribution of the test taker’s total time on the test. A simple set of constraints on the item parameters in the lognormal model for response times is derived that can be used to control the distribution when assembling a new test form. As the constraints are linear in the item parameters, they can easily be included in a mixed integer programming model for test assembly. The use of the constraints is demonstrated for the problems of assembling a new test form to be equally speeded as a reference form, test assembly in which the impact of a change in the content specifications on speededness is to be neutralized, and the assembly of test forms with a revised level of speededness.     

Program evaluation of a school consultation program

The results of a school psychological and social work program are presented on children referred for behavioral and learning problems. Through the consultation service, the average student objective for learning problems was achieved to 85% of criterion, and the average objective for behavioral problems was achieved to 82% of criterion during a 10-week period. An analysis of the consultation activities was made in relation to the accomplishment of the objectives for both learning and behavioral problems. No clear evidence was found for any single activity being related to success. Also analyzed was the time spent on each consultation activity and the accomplishment of the student objectives. There was a positive relationship between total consultation time and student outcomes on learning problems, but there was no significant relationship between total consultation time and the accomplishment of objectives for behavioral problems. General findings show that consultation activities can be conducted with small investments of time and with a high degree of student accomplishment of objectives. A case is presented for the merits of program improvement by monitoring psychological and social work services.     

MIXED H_2/l_1 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS FOR SISO DISCRETE TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS

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Multiple Objective Test Assembly Problems

Mathematical programming techniques for optimal test assembly are discussed. Most methods optimize a single objective: for instance, the amount of information in a test, subject to a number of constraints. However, some test assembly problems have multiple objectives. A recent example in the literature is the problem of assembling test that measure multiple traits, where the amount of information in the test about each different trait has to be maximized. The present paper proposes methods appropriate for solving multiple objective test assembly problems. An overview of multiple objective optimization methods is given. The impact of the method on the optimality of the solution is shown and the appropriateness of the methods is discussed. The methods are illustrated using an empirical example of a test assembly problem for a two-dimensional mathematics item pool.     

李雅普诺夫方程的推广

定义了能控性矩阵及能观性矩阵,利用矩阵方程讨论了推广的李雅普诺夫方程的解的存在及唯一性.     

A rationale and description of a CAI program to teach the BASIC programming language

A BASIC Instructional Program is being developed as a vehicle for research in tutorial modes of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Several design features will be appropriate to training in other technical areas and applicable in other instructional settings where the development of analytic and problem-solving skills is a goal. Methods are incorporated for monitoring and aiding the student as he works on programming problems in the BASIC language. The instructional program developed can be used to investigate schemes for optimizing problem presentation and giving assistance during problem-solving based on a model of the student's abilities and difficulties. Previous experience in the instructional and technical aspects of teaching a programming language indicates that a course in computer programming can be designed to help the student acquire programming concepts in a personalized and efficient manner as he develops skills at increasingly advanced levels. This article reports on work currently in progress and briefly summarizes observations and conclusions based on operation during the pilot year. A major goal of the research project is to increase the sophistication with which the instructional program monitors the student's work and responds to it with appropriate hints and prompts. One aspect of such work is the utilization of algorithms for checking the correctness of a student procedure. Limited but sufficient program verification is possible through simulated execution of the program on test data stored with each problem. Within the controllable context of instruction, where the problems to be solved are predetermined and their solutions known, simulated execution of the student's program can effectively determine its closeness to a stored model solution. The BASIC Instructional Program (BIP) is written in SAIL (VanLehn, 1973; Swinehart and Sproull, 1971), a versatile, ALGOL-like language, implemented exclusively at present on the DEC PDP-10 computer. SAIL includes a flexible associative sublanguage called LEAP (Feldman et al., 1972), which was used extensively to build BIP's information network. The course is now running on the PDP-10 TENEX timesharing system at the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences. It was offered during the pilot year as an introductory programming course at DeAnza College in Cupertino, California, and at the University of San Francisco in San Francisco, California. The collected data are being used to modify the problems and the “help” sequences in preparation for a more controlled experimental situation planned for the next academic year.