外来人口聚居区的教育问题及其管理创新研究——以上海为例

外来人口在大城市的大规模聚居行为导致了城市居住空间分异,加大了统筹解决外来务工人员随迁子女教育问题的难度。通过对上海的实证分析表明:聚居区外来务工人员随迁子女义务教育的资源供需存在结构性矛盾;聚居区的生活环境和空间隔离给部分孩子的社会融合造成不利影响,给他们的自我身份认同带来困惑;教育成本的增加、收益的减少,致使聚居区出现了新的(子女)读书无用论;大城市具有竞争优势的教育资源已产生一定的洼地效应。基于上述问题,必须通过制度创新,构建以"融合"为理念的外来人口服务管理政策体系,根据常住人口的需求,合理高效配置义务教育等公共服务资源。     

Exam-oriented education and implementation of education policy for migrant children in urban China

This paper investigates the implementation of education policy for migrant children in urban China. Historically, rural and urban residents in China were separated by the hukou system, and rural children were not allowed to attend urban schools. Since the relaxation of the hukou system in the early 1980s, large numbers of rural families migrated to cities. The right of migrant children to education in urban China was formally recognised by the government in a series of policies starting in 2001. The research reported, here, reveals that migrant children did not have equal access to urban schools nor did they enjoy an equally good education to that of urban children. Based on 53 in-depth interviews with school principals, teachers and pupils in two provincial capitals in China, this paper explores the main factors affecting the implementation of education policy for migrant children. The research demonstrates that policies relating to equal admissions criteria were not implemented as intended, with migrant children not having equal access to schools. However, policies relating to non-segregation and academic support were implemented as intended. It is argued that, at the school level, this is a result of the examination-oriented system, and schools’ responses to this.     

城市化进程中农民工子女融入城市的必要性与途径

随着城市化的发展,农民工人数大量增加,由于体制的原因,进城的农民工子女在迁入地受教育权受到限制,城乡背景的差异也使他们不能很快融入城市社会,从而影响了他们的健康成长和社会和谐。深入研究农民工子女融入城市社会的必要性和途径有着重要的现实意义。     

The rural-urban divide,intergroup relations,and social identity formation of rural migrant children in a Chinese urban school

Through ethnographic fieldwork conducted at a Beijing public school, this study aims to investigate how rural migrant children in China negotiate and construct their identity vis-à-vis the school’s local children. Building on social identity theory, this study reveals that rural migrant children develop a strong non-local group identity as a response to the Hukou-based social policy and the occupation-based social hierarchies in contemporary China. Such an identity helps migrant children combat a sense of inferiority that is reinforced by their daily interactions with the socially and economically more advantaged urban peers. However, this group-based identity forestalls intergroup contact and prevents the migrant children from successfully integrating into Chinese urban society.     

Immigration and supplementary ethnic schooling: Ukrainian students in Portugal

Immigration from Eastern European countries to Portugal is a recent phenomenon. Within the last decade, economic migrants from Ukraine, Russia, Romania and Moldova set up a number of supplementary schools across the country. No academic attention has been given to the phenomenon of supplementary ethnic schools in Portugal, whilst there is a growing interest in and beyond Europe in the ways they serve as cultural, social and political sources for identity negotiation, and structures for social capital formation in migrant communities. This study addresses this gap in knowledge. Drawing on a survey completed by 184 students between the ages of 12 and 20, attending eight Ukrainian supplementary schools, this paper contributes to wider international research through its mapping of the population of Ukrainian schools in Portugal and examining students’ reasons for attendance, highlighting both positive and negative aspects of their experiences. Recommendations are made for schools in light of the findings.     

进城务工人员随迁子女在流入地参加中高考的现实困境及政策取向

目前,进城务工人员随迁子女在流入地完成义务教育后不能继续参加升学考试的问题日益突出,已成为复杂的社会问题,需要尽快得到解决.本文基于国家和政府相关部门颁布的有关政策文献、统计数据和实地调研数据,对进城务工人员随迁子女的总体情况、接受义务教育后的升学状况进行了分析,提出了国家制定相关政策措施,应做到包含城镇和农村两类户籍群体人员,同时针对大量进城务工人员随迁子女已经面临升学问题的迫切形式,提出通过分阶段,分情况,从渐进的改革到整体推进,使得这一问题逐渐缓解并彻底解决的政策建议.     

城市二元结构背景下城市居民与农民工收入差异探究

我国城市经济的大发展,需要大量的外来劳动力来支撑,随着我国对农业投入的增加和技术含量的进一步提高,以及人力资本素质的逐步提升,由传统农业本身排挤出的劳动力将会越来越多。由于推力和拉力的作用,大批的农业剩余劳动力进城务工,逐步形成了规模巨大的农民工群体,由于农民工与城市居民身份的不同,导致他们在就业、收入、社会福利、子女教育等方面存在差异,于是在城市形成了新的经济结构形态即"城市二元结构"。"城市二元结构"的形成,增加了城市管理的难度,动摇了城市化的进程,扩大了农民工与城市居民收入的差异。笔者建议通过加快户籍改革、统一城乡就业政策、逐步统一社会保障、为低收入农民工群体提供廉租房、解决好农民工子女的教育等措施来缩小城市居民与农民工收入的差异。     

A Critique of Modern Education,with Special Reference to the East

The population of urban migrants in developing countries has received little specific notice within the field of adult education, although, because of its size and importance to the economic and social development of much of the world, this group deserves significant attention. Examination of urban migrants as learners provides important insight for policies and programmes that support developing their creative potential, building on individual and community strengths. Two characteristics of the motivation and learning needs of urban migrants stand out. First, individual characteristics relating to personality or motivation somehow differentiate migrants from non‐migrants, beyond generalized economic or macro‐level factors that affect migration decisions. On the other hand, it appears that group learning processes that incorporate the participation of the members and build on their networks, motivation, and coping skills, are particularly effective. Both of these aspects are important in identifying appropriate policies and programmes that stimulate the positive potential of this group. This paper examines evidence related to the demographic and cognitive characteristics of the urban migrant population in developing countries, how these relate to the learning tasks facing this group, and the implications for successful adult education programmes. In addition, these characteristics have implications for broader policies designed to take advantage of the role that communities of urban migrants can play, within a more participative development approach.     

浅议城市农民工的社会保障问题

本文分析了形成城市农民工社会保障现状的原因所在,主要和我国当前的户籍制度、就业保障制度、法律法规缺位以及思维惯性密切相关,并由此提出了解决城市农民工社会保障的近期和长远两方面的对策。     

社会支持与流动农民工子女城市认同的研究

通过问卷调查对兰州市农民工子女的社会支持网进行研究,分析农民工子女的社会支持系统在保障入学机会的平等、提供公共资源、辅导学业、关注内心情感、照顾生活等方面所发挥的作用以及存在的问题。研究发现,农民工子女的社会支持与其城市认同存在密切的关系。     

Preschool provision and children of migrants in Beijing

Chinese children with an urban household registration (hukou) normally attend subsidized preschools for three years prior to primary school. This is an experience available to relatively few of China's many millions of migrant children whose families are registered as rural residents but choose to migrate to urban areas. This paper presents research, in the form of a case study, which examined an informal playgroup for rural-registered migrant children whose parents worked in a Beijing market. The playgroup was established by volunteers to provide an affordable, though limited, alternative preschool experience for migrant children. The original programme was derived from community concepts that initially underpinned the “Sure Start” intervention in the United Kingdom. In the paper, survey data is utilized to determine if an informal playgroup can be a positive alternative in a context where migrant children have little capacity to access the preschool programmes available to their urban counterparts.     

Shyness-Sensitivity and Social, School, and Psychological Adjustment in Rural Migrant and Urban Children in China

The purpose of this study was to examine relations between shyness-sensitivity and social competence, school performance, and psychological well-being in Chinese children with rural and urban backgrounds. Participants were students in rural migrant children schools and city schools in China ( N s = 411 and 518, respectively; M age = 10 years). Data were obtained from peer evaluations, teacher ratings, self-reports, and school records. It was found that shyness was associated with social and school problems and depression in urban children. However, shyness was generally associated with indexes of adjustment such as leadership, teacher-rated competence, and academic achievement in rural migrant children. The results indicate the role of context in defining the functional meaning of social behavior in children's adjustment.     

Language and Identity Construction of China’s Rural-Urban Migrant Children: An Ethnographic Study in an Urban Public School

This article investigates the identity construction process of China’s rural-urban migrant children through analyses of their discourses and of their use of language. Rural children have relocated to the urban centers with their parents on a massive scale over the past decades as China has undergone rapid economic changes. Many migrant children are able to attend urban public schools, and their identity construction emerges as an important issue that attracts increasing public and scholarly attention. This study draws on ethnographic data and presents four examples to illustrate the complex process of migrant identity construction. The results show that the migrant children deploy a range of linguistic features and claim multiple identities; in order for their identities to be established in social reality, they have to go through negotiation processes in which their identities are evaluated, ratified, challenged, or denied. Language is at the center of such processes.     

流动儿童社会融入困境的个案研究

中国城市里涌现的"民工潮"现象是流动着的"农民工"群体关于生存方式选择的权宜之计,也关系着整个中国的发展命运。随父母迁移的流动儿童在社会融入进程中"边缘化"的困境引起了众多研究者的关注。通过对Y市弱势家庭流动儿童小洁在流入城市生活的全貌展开质化研究,分析探讨了流动儿童社会融入中面临的一系列困境:弱势的家庭环境、城市社交的拒斥和代际传递的局限等。     

城市流动人口子女教育与“城市梦”的实现

城市流动人口子女教育问题是流动人口“城市梦”实现的重要内容。采用文献研究、调查问卷和综合分析的方法,指出流动人口子女教育存在如下问题:未能全面适龄入学、教育经费“真空”、管理缺位、家庭教育缺失等问题,提出建立技能培训制度,提升城市流动人口素质;主动适应城市化趋势,深化户籍制度改革;扩大社会保障覆盖范围,将城市流动人口纳入社会保障体系;发挥政府主导作用,强化流动人口子女教育服务和管理等建议。     

外来工子女的城市融入状况与政策调适

劳动力转移中流动儿童的社会融入状况日益受到关注.对天津市两所外来务工人员子女较多的学校进行调查,从居住状况、学习成绩、同辈群体、家庭关系、对城市的适应度等方面,来考察他们对城市的生活、结构、心理等方面的融入情况.在此基础上,从不同角度提出流动儿童城市社会融入政策的发展方向及具体政策的关注点.     

渴望与诉求——在穗少数民族农民工心理健康剖析

在城市文明发展进程中,农民工是不可或缺的建设力量。关注农民工问题,是社会转型时期保持城市经济可持续发展、保障社会稳定的重要举措之一。在城市化进程中,少数民族地区的富余劳动力离开农村,走向沿海发达城市务工就业,由于心理、文化、传统习俗、宗教信仰等方面的差异,不可避免地产生碰撞和诉求。本文着重聚焦在穗的少数民族农民工,分析他们的心理健康与心理诉求,并提出相应的思考。     

外来工子女的城市融人状况与政策调适

劳动力转移中流动儿童的社会融入状况日益受到关注。对天津市两所外来务工人员子女较多的学校进行调查,从居住状况、学习成绩、同辈群体、家庭关系、对城市的适应度等方面,来考察他们对城市的生活、结构、心理等方面的融入情况。在此基础上,从不同角度提出流动儿童城市社会融入政策的发展方向及具体政策的关注点。     

村转居社区新居民心理幸福感的调查研究

本研究采用问卷法对村转居社区新居民心理幸福感、生活满意度和社会支持特点以及三者间关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)村转居社区新居民的年龄、居住状况、婚姻状况对心理幸福感、生活满意度和社会支持的影响有显著差异。(2)居住状况为"三代同堂"的已婚新居民主观幸福感、生活满意度显著低于其他居住条件的新居民。(3)主观支持、客观支持及生活满意度和主观幸福感之间相关显著。(4)村转居社区新居民的生活满意度、主观支持、客观支持对主观幸福感有直接的预测作用。     

从经济关照到政治回应——基于流动人口对城市教育服务满意度调查的研究

本研究是在《北京市基础教育公平满意度指数》课题基础上,对其中流动人口对城市教育服务满意度调查结果所做的更深入的质性探究结果。当下,在以公立学校为整群抽样对象的相关研究中,不能简单将人口学变量中非北京户籍的测量结果直接推及流动人口总体,调查所得有关流动人口的教育满意度也并不能代表流动人口整体的满意度水平。满意度是一个相对概念,调查中流动人口表现出的高满意度与其低期望值相关,背后的基本事实是流动人口群体长期以来低水平教育资源的获得、平等教育机会的缺乏,以及流动人口作为城市中异乡人"、流浪者"的特殊存在,以致其从身份、符号系统以及相关权利享有上与城市居民区隔的现实。推动流动人口真正城市化、实现社会融合、促进社会和谐是当前的一个重大社会问题,但如何推动和促进,本研究认为单纯经济层面的帮扶和关照不足以解决问题,更重要的是社会政策应从政治正义层面给予实质性回应。