基于场域理论的高校三维权力结构分析

布迪厄把社会场域里竞争的资本划分为社会资本、文化资本、经济资本,三者在场域中为争夺制度高位和权力资本不断进行博弈和竞争,在高校这一特殊场域中社会资本与行政权力、文化资本与学术权力、经济资本与市场权力的相互转化与竞争最终将形成象征性资本,象征性资本则是行政权力、学术权力和市场权力的合力.     

The public/private divide in higher education: A global revision

Our common understandings of the public/private distinction in higher education are drawn from neo-classical economics and/or statist political philosophy. However, the development of competition and markets at the national level, and the new potentials for private and public goods created by globalisation in higher education, have exposed weaknesses in the traditional notions of public/private. For example, (1) the statist notion that higher education is always/already a public good blinds us to its role in producing scarce positional private goods, even in free systems; (2) because there is no global state, both statists and neo-liberals model the global higher education environment simply as a trading environment without grasping the potential for global public goods in education – goods that are subject to non-rivalry or non-excludability, and broadly available across populations, on a global scale. Yet higher education in one nation has the potential to create positive and negative externalities in another; and all higher education systems and institutions can benefit from collective systems e.g. that facilitate cross-border recognition and mobility. The paper sets out to revise public/private in higher education. Rather than defining public/private in terms of legal ownership, it focuses on the social character of the goods. It argues that public/private goods are not always zero sum and under certain conditions provide conditions of possibility for each other. It proposes (a) units in national government that focus specifically on cross-border effects; (b) global policy spaces – taking in state agencies, individual universities, NGOs and commercial agents – to consider the augmentation, distribution of and payment for global public goods. This paper has been adapted from a keynote address to the Conference of Higher Education Researchers (CHER), University of Twente, Enschede, 19 September 2004. The CHER conference was focused on the public/private question. Warm thanks to Erik Beerkens, Jurgen Enders, Marijk van Wende, Ben Jongbloed, Guy Neave, other colleagues who took part in discussion at the CHER conference, and the reviewers for Higher Education.     

Collaboration and contestation in further and higher education partnerships in England: a Bourdieusian field analysis

Internationally, ‘College for All’ policies are creating new forms of vocational higher education (HE), and shifting relationships between HE and further education (FE) institutions. In this paper, we consider the way in which this is being implemented in England, drawing on a detailed qualitative case study of a regional HE–FE partnership to widen participation. We focus on the complex mix of collaboration and contestation that arose within it, and how these affected socially differentiated groups of students following high- and low-status routes through its provision. We outline Bourdieu’s concept of ‘field’ as a framework for our analysis and interpretation, including its theoretical ambiguities regarding the definition and scale of fields. Through hermeneutic dialogue between data and theory, we tentatively suggest that such partnerships represent bridges between HE and FE. These bridges are strong between higher-status institutions, but highly contested between lower-status institutions competing closely for distinction. We conclude that the trajectories and outcomes for socially disadvantaged students require attention and collective action to address the inequalities they face, and that our theoretical approach may have wider international relevance beyond the English case.     

论高校收费与教育公平

教育公平是社会公平的起点,是构建和谐社会的基石。而高等学校收取一定的费用作为新的教育投资,弥补了办学经费的不足,使更多的人享受高等教育,有助于社会资源的公平享用。但由于高教收费政策体系的种种不完善,也确实造成了低收入家庭学生接受高等教育机会和获得高等教育公共资助方面的不平等。如何协调二者的关系,建立一个公平与效率兼顾的高校收费体系是一个值得深入研究的问题。     

Tensions between the global and the local: A comparative illustration of the reorganisation of China's higher education in the 1950s and 1990s

The phenomena of internationalisation andglobalisation are becoming major domains ofcomparative educational enquiry. The relationshipbetween them has attracted increasing interest. Ideasof globalisation are implemented only under specificinstitutional conditions. Globalisation, which hasraised a range of important issues, offers newpossibilities and raises increasingly complex problemsfor educational researchers and policy-makers. Forexample, the interpenetration of the universal and theparticular is complicated and difficult, while notionsof economic globalisation also increasingly affecteducation. A comparative analysis of thereorganisation of China's higher education in the1950s and 1990s is conducted, to illustrate theemergence of local-global relations; this demonstrateshow universalising tendencies are articulated throughChina's particular framework in developing its highereducation system. It shows that while theglobalisation imperative is being imposed, it may alsocreate opportunities for institutions to resistcertain global trends in favour of local values.Through an illustration of China's struggle toreconcile the local and the global respectively in the1950s and the 1990s, this article stresses thetensions between globalisation andinternationalisation within the process of policyimplementation in China's higher education reforms.     

Anticipated developments: East Africa's private universities and privatisation of public universities in the global context

Abstract

The growth and development of private universities has been one of the most dramatic features of African higher education in the last two decades. Using the three East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda as a case in point, this analysis examines the extent to which developments in the region echo international trends, as well as how they illustrate contrasts. The analysis focuses on three key themes: (a) growth and historical antecedents; (b) institutional developments in terms of continuity and innovation; and (c) internationalism. While only relatively recent phenomena, private universities in East Africa and the increasing privatisation of public universities mirror developments in other parts of the world with a longer tradition of private university developments in terms of growth and historical antecedents, continuity and innovation in institutional development, as well as in internationalism. However, there are some situations in which the East African case is exceptional.     

Global English, Hegemony and Education: Lessons from Gramsci

Antonio Gramsci and his concept of hegemony are often invoked in current debates concerning cultural imperialism, globalisation and global English. However, these debates are rarely cognizant of Gramsci's own university training in linguistics, the centrality of language to his writings on education and hegemony, or his specific engagement with language politics in his own day. By paying much greater attention to Gramsci's writings on language and education, this article attempts to lay the groundwork for an adequate approach to the current politics of global English.
While Gramsci may have left formal education and his studies in linguistics at Turin University as a young man to become a full time journalist and political activist, he certainly did not 'jettison' his study of language as is commonly implied. It has been widely accepted that Gramsci had an expansive conception of education which would curtail any suggestion that 'education' must be limited to formal schooling or university. Likewise, this article demonstrates the importance of Gramsci's lifelong analysis of language, its role in education and the development of hegemony. It argues that Gramsci's writings on language policy in Italy, specifically la questione della lingua [the language question] and his concern with linguistics, are an integral part of his approach to education and hegemony.     

Capital and Knowledge Flows: Global higher education markets

Accelerating global flows of people and information have formed new communities and networks across social and political borders. Higher education is one such globalised knowledge community in which new patterns of knowledge, accreditation, research alliances, and social and professional relationships are emerging. In this paper I outline the push–pull dynamics of globalisation in higher education: the co-constitutive nature of local and global interests and educational formations; disjunctive flows of capital, information, people, and knowledge; and the new politics of knowledge capital as they affect academic research and the public archive of scholarly publishing and university libraries. I close with reflections on the differential consequences of globalisation on: the role of the nation state in higher education provision and reform; the role of education in nation building and national identity politics; and the governability of a global eduscape.     

Activating Aesthetics: Working with Heidegger and Bourdieu for engaged pedagogy

Abstract

This article seeks to investigate art in public urban space via a process of activating aesthetics as a way of enhancing pedagogies of engagement. It does this firstly by addressing the question of aesthetics in Enlightenment and twentieth-century frames; then it seeks to understand how artworks may be approached ontologically and epistemologically. The discussion works with the philosophical lenses of two different thinkers: Heidegger, in ‘Building Dwelling Thinking’ and ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’, and Marxist sociologist, Bourdieu with his work on a theory of practice and habitus. It asks how art may work in the meaning-making processes of place and the human subject in terms of ontological difference (Heidegger) and dispositional capital (Bourdieu). In bringing these different organising principles of interpretation to specific works of art, the discussion draws from locational research undertaken in Newcastle/Gateshead and Melbourne.     

美国高等学校提高本科教学质量的七条对策

为了提高本科教学质量,美国高校在上个世纪80年代后期经过深入研究后提出了七条对策。这七条对策包括鼓励师生互动,鼓励学生之间相互合作,鼓励学生主动学习,对学生的学习给予及时反馈,合理安排学习时间,对学生给予较高的期望,尊重学生之间的差异及其不同的学习方式等。十年来,这些措施在美国大学普遍应用且成效显著,对我国高校的本科教学不无启示作用。     

New challenges for higher education: global and Asia-Pacific perspectives

With rapid socio-economic changes, twenty-first century higher education is facing major challenges to its governance systems, curriculum, mission focus, external relations, research, and financing. A theoretical framework to analyze these post-massification challenges is suggested, with a focus on the Asia-Pacific region as well as global issues. Five main topic areas provide the basis for the theoretical framework: massification, privatization, accountability and governance, internationalization, and ranking and world-class universities. Some discussion of the possible effects of the financial crisis that commenced in 2008 is provided.     

The social condition of higher education: globalisation and (beyond) regionalisation in Latin America

This article aims to discuss the relationship between higher education (HE), globalisation and regionalism projects focusing on HE in Latin America and Brazil. It is claimed that HE has predominantly taken the diverse, yet concerted and co-ordinated routes of globalisation and regionalisation and, by doing so, been profoundly transformed. The first section considers a set of theoretical categories in relation to the phenomena of globalisation and regionalisation. The second section analyses the global and regional dimensions of HE in Latin America, exploring: (1) the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), along with the processes and mechanisms put into place to settle MERCOSUR's Educative Sector. It is argued that despite the political relevance of this regional project, its major developments are still harbouring important but preliminary preparations for future regional positioning and empowerment; (2) it is argued that the commodification, privatisation and ‘marketisation’ of HE, having occupied the centre stage in determined nations of the world, have become the founding conditions of a global market in HE; and (3) the Brazilian HE policies are examined in order to develop an argument about the decisive role played by national government in promoting and adjusting the process of globalisation and the regionalism project for HE.     

全球问题和德育内容的更新

全球问题是在 2 0世纪出现的 ,它包括自然环境问题、社会问题和人自身的问题等。全球问题的出现要求人们更新德育内容 ,进行环境道德教育、全球意识教育、爱国主义教育和生命关怀教育。     

The prospects and dilemmas in Americanizing Chinese higher education

Reviewing the recent development of international higher education, one can find a general tendency: Americanization. Whether it is in Europe or in Asia, US higher education has been used as model for inspiration of regional integration or reform. This is especially the case in China. Since 1978, Chinese higher education has experienced a system shift from the Soviet model to the US model. But Chinese higher education is still Chinese, though it has borrowed many ideas from the US. Experiences show that contextualization of American ideas produced the uniqueness and the specific problems for Chinese higher education. This paper will discuss some of the unique characteristics.     

Peer review,Bourdieu and honour: connecting Chinese and Australian intellectual projects

The reviews of papers for refereed journals are rarely a source of exhilaration, only occasionally a pleasure and frequently dispiriting. Using peer reviews of research containing Chinese concepts, this paper explores different ways of thinking about knowledge, its evaluation and transfer. Bourdieu’s concepts of fields of power, position taking, positioning and honour provide a framework whereby peer reviews are positioned as integral to scholarly argumentation. They are used to test efforts to connect Chinese ideas into the global dynamics of research‐based knowledge, and to teach early career researchers about how to engage in academic disputation.     

Reproduction and transformation of inequalities in schooling: the transformative potential of the theoretical constructs of Bourdieu

This article is concerned with the theoretical constructs of Bourdieu and their contribution to understanding the reproduction of social and cultural inequalities in schooling. While Bourdieu has been criticised for his reproductive emphasis, this article proposes that there is transformative potential in his theoretical constructs and that these suggest possibilities for schools and teachers to improve the educational outcomes of marginalised students. The article draws together three areas of contribution to this theme of transformation; beginning by characterising habitus as constituted by reproductive and transformative traits and considering the possibilities for the restructuring of students’ habitus. This is followed by a discussion of cultural capital and the way that teachers can draw upon a variety of cultural capitals to act as agents of transformation rather than reproduction. The article concludes by considering the necessity of a transformation of the field to improve the educational outcomes of marginalised students.     

Achievement at the higher education entry examinations in Greece: A Procrustean approach

The paper examines the way the national higher education entryexaminations in Greece are used to determine entry into the 100 percentgovernment-controlled state tertiary education system. The databaserefers to the population of all secondary education graduates taking (ornot taking) the June 2000 national secondary school examination. Thereis considerable achievement variation across regions and types ofschool. Poor districts, evening schools, and state schools areassociated with lower achievement. Private schools are associated withhigher achievement, even controlling for parental schooling and wealth.Regardless of the student's achievement in the national examinations,entry each year is mainly determined by the number of available places.Given the fact the state cannot afford to provide free access to allthose who want entry, the non-university cycle has expanded rapidly toaccommodate a greater number of students into ``higher educationtechnological institutes' that are most frequently not the candidates'first choice. Thus, the fable of Procrustes is revived in modernGreece.     

美国远程高等教育的现状、特点及展望

当前,我国正在大力开展远程教育特别是远程高等教育。美国远程高等教育已成为其高等教育重要组成部分,作为世界上电脑、网络技术运用得最普及和高等教育最发达的国家之一,了解和研究美国远程高等教育开展的情况和特点,对于我国正在大力实施的“现代远程教育工程,”推进我国远程高等教育的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Changing concepts of equity in transforming UK higher education: implications for future pedagogies and practices in global higher education

This paper is about changing concepts of equity in UK higher education. In particular, it charts the moves from concepts about gender equality as about women’s education as a key issue in twentieth century higher education to questions of men’s education in the twenty-first century. These changing concepts of equity are linked to wider social and economic transformations, the expansion of higher education and the growth in the knowledge economy, or what has been called ‘academic capitalism’. Feminist theorists and activists, often called second wave feminists, developed concepts of gender equality in education, including higher education in the twentieth century, and these have been incorporated into higher education and policies with the expansions of higher education, especially around notions of widening participation. Notions of widening participation in policy and practice arenas focus on equity as about social class, socio-economic disadvantage, ethnicity and race, rather than specifically on gender questions. Equity is now twinned with diversity and where gender is now invoked it is largely about young and working class men’s disadvantage in relation to higher education. In this paper, I will also provide research evidence from the UK’s Teaching and Learning Research Programme (TLRP) which has been the UK’s biggest ever initiative in education research about equity and diversity as currently conceived in UK higher education. I will show how gender has been incorporated with diversity questions and has lost its critical and feminist edge. I conclude with addressing questions about the future of higher education policies and practices to address questions of equity and diversity, attempting to counter the systemic inequalities in current forms of UK higher education. There are opportunities for developing new, critical and feminist pedagogies. More inclusive or ‘connectionist’ approaches, rather than ‘teaching to the test’, would engage socially diverse men and women students in a range of higher education subjects and settings.     

美国成人高等教育机构的自我评估：内涵、范例及特点

简述了美国成人高等教育机构自我评估的内涵,介绍了此类模式在美国的几种典型个案,分析了它的优缺点,并就我国如何开展成人高等教育自我评估提出了建议。