中国投资引致碳排放与经济增长的空间特征及脱钩测度

长期以来中国经济增长依赖投资,在低碳经济时代下,投资引致的碳排放和经济增长脱钩关系应受到关注。以往对此研究相对较少,且忽略了投资通过不同区域间产业联系所引发的间接脱钩。本文引入面积元并结合投入产出表以改进脱钩模型,研究了2007-2010年间全社会固定资产投资直接、间接引致的中国30个省区市碳排放和经济增长的空间特征及脱钩关系。结果显示：①大部分省份由投资引致的经济增长比碳排放略快,两者为弱脱钩关系;北京和上海实现强脱钩发展,内蒙古、宁夏等资源型省份多为扩张负脱钩;②投资直接引致农林牧渔业实现脱钩发展,建筑业和服务业的直接脱钩状态相对较差;工业投资引致不同区域各产业的间接负脱钩状态最多,服务业受其他行业投资间接影响多呈现负脱钩状态。低碳发展相关政策的制定应考虑地区间的经济联系和产业间的拉动作用,适当补偿承担高碳生产环节的地区,避免盲目发展可能转移大量碳排放的产业。     

LABRADOR: Efficiently publishing relational databases on the web by using keyword-based query interfaces

A vast amount of valuable information, produced and consumed by people and institutions, is currently stored in relational databases. For many purposes, there is an ever increasing demand for having these databases published on the Web, so that users can query the data available in them. An important requirement for this to happen is that query interfaces must be as simple and intuitive as possible. In this paper we present LABRADOR, a system for efficiently publishing relational databases on the Web by using a simple text box query interface. The system operates by taking an unstructured keyword-based query posed by a user and automatically deriving an equivalent SQL query that fits the user’s information needs, as expressed by the original query. The SQL query is then sent to a DBMS and its results are processed by LABRADOR to create a relevance-based ranking of the answers. Experiments we present show that LABRADOR can automatically find the most suitable SQL query in more than 75% of the cases, and that the overhead introduced by the system in the overall query processing time is almost insignificant. Furthermore, the system operates in a non-intrusive way, since it requires no modifications to the target database schema.     

Enhancing children’s activity in browsing/reading together by the installation of the BrowsReader in the children’s room of a library

Reading together draws much attention as a societal concern for children not only to yield emotional reaction but also to gradually advance intellectual thinking. We here aim to build a new environment, in which children’s browsing and reading of picture books together with families and/or friends is steadily enhanced, by installing the BrowsReader in the children’s room of a public library or a kindergarten. The original BrowsReader was a system to assist children in finding and reading picture books. The children, by gathering around the BrowsReader, can browse picture books and then choose and read a book by flipping pages on it. After reproducing each printed, digitized or web picture book as a surrogate picture book consisting of the front-cover image followed by the page images, we first introduce two basic notions: (i) an abstracted bookshelf, which presents the front-cover images of the surrogate picture books in the form where all are linearly arranged, with some of the images bundled in places, and (ii) a unified view, which presents each page of any surrogate picture book in a form that seems like a printed picture book’s page. We then specify, based on these notions, the improved version of the BrowsReader which can be installed in each children’s room so that children together with families and/or friends can easily browse a large number of surrogate picture books as if they are browsing in the physical bookshelves of the children’s room, and can read a wide variety of surrogate picture books as if they are reading ordinary printed picture books on a table. The improvement was carried out in a step by step process based on feedback and results from case studies, and its effects were clarified by seeing whether, in a new environment, the children’s activity in browsing/reading together were steadily enhanced when using the BrowsReader.     

Collaborative bibliography

A bibliography is traditionally characterized by the judgments, bounded by explicit selection criteria, made by a single compiler. Because these criteria concern the attributes ascribed to a work and the needs of readers, bibliographic work is largely conceptual even across technological eras and domains. Yet, the development of networked information services, made possible by WWW infrastructure, has enabled very large numbers of people to discover, organize, and publish information, including bibliographies. Indeed, bibliographies, or at least bibliography-like artifacts, are a common genre of website, often published by people without specialized skills in information organization who follow non-rigorous selection procedures. Nevertheless, even if the items from these lists are poorly selected and described, this publishing activity is fundamentally important because it structures information locally, creating a patchy network of secondary access points. In turn, these access points enable information discovery, the formation and development of communities of interest, the estimation of document relevance by search engines, and so on. In sum, this activity, and the enabling technical infrastructure, invites bibliographies to take on new interactive possibilities. The aim of this article is to extend the traditional view of bibliography to encompass collaborative possibilities for wide, or narrow, participation in the shaping of bibliographies and the selection of items. This is done by examining the nature of bibliography on the Web, by proposing a conceptual model that opens bibliography to participatory practices, and by discussing a case study where a team sought to develop a bibliography of electronic resources. This examination reveals splendid opportunities for expanding the notion of bibliography with participatory policies while remaining true to its ancient roots.     

Entrepreneurship, Flexibility, and Policy Coordination: Taiwan's Computer Industry

In just 15 years, Taiwan has emerged as a leading producer of hardware for nearly every major computer vendor in the world, despite little previous experience in high technology industries. By 1995, Taiwan ranked fourth in the world in computer hardware production and exports through its strategy of being a 'fast follower.' Taiwan's success in the computer industry has been due to a coordinated government strategy to support private entrepreneurship by a large number of small, flexible, innovative companies. Taiwan's computer companies have responded rapidly and effectively to continuing changes in the international market and avoided many of the problems encountered by their counterparts in Japan and South Korea in recent years. They have done so by emphasizing close supplier relationships with multinational computer companies all over the world as a means of promoting exports and keeping apprised of market conditions. They continue to show great adaptability as Taiwan's computer industry moves toward diversification both upstream and downstream, full-service OEM (original equipment manufacturing) for multinationals, and industry consolidation for scale economies. The government has closely complemented the efforts of industry by carrying out research and development and transferring technology to the private sector, by conducting market intelligence for private sector use, and by providing engineering and technical manpower. As a result, Taiwan is probably Asia's best positioned country for continued success in the global computer industry.     

Simulation of small humanoid robots for soccer domain

In this paper, we illustrate the development of a realistic simulation of a humanoid robot model in a virtual environment using USARSim (Urban Search and Rescue Simulator). USARSim provides an accurate 3D simulation of a virtual environment with a detailed rendering and a realistic physics. Moreover, USARSim allows users to observe the virtual environment from different views. One of these is the egocentric view, which can simulate the camera mounted on the robot. The small humanoid robot presented in this work is Robovie-M, developed by VStone Ltd. (Japan). This robot is used by our team Artisti in the RobotCup soccer competitions.Reported experiments compare the behaviors of a real robot and of its virtual model, when controlled by the same control software to asses the possibility to faithfully simulate a robot with 22 degrees of freedom in USARSim. Moreover, we discuss the possibility to close the control loop of the robot in simulation, by simulating also the main robot sensor, i.e. the camera.The experiments show that USARSim, despite being a simple simulator based on a low cost computer game, provides an accurate enough simulation of the physics and a realistic rendering of the 3D scene enabling a faithful simulation of a small humanoid robot at low cost. Thus, one can entirely test the robot software modules in the simulation (namely: the motion control modules, the vision system modules and, by closing the robot control loop in simulation, the behavior and behavior-selection modules).     

TOPSIS法在科技人员业绩评价中的应用

目的：建立一个科学、客观、公正、可量化的卫生科技人员业绩评价方法。方法：针对多指标评价体系综合评价时广泛采用的线性加权求和法的弊端，首次在卫生科技人员科研业绩评价中引入理想状态空间的理论，利用逼近理想解的排序法(TOPSIS法)建立综合评价的数学模型。并在我校专业技术职务评聘中应用此模型予以检验。结果：TOPSIS法的量化评价结果与同行评议的实际结果具有较高的符合率。结论：本文所提出的综合评价方法更趋科学性、客观性、公正性和可行性，可为科学量化工作提供有益的参考。     

The Victorian Information Society: Surveillance, Bureaucracy, and Public Librarianship in 19th-Century Britain

Contrary to the "retro" image often awarded them, and despite their continuing enthusiasm and responsibility for the organization of printed materials, librarians are upbeat about the prospects of an information society driven primarily by electronic technologies, but in which libraries can play an important part. Public librarians detect a natural correlation between the historic democratic mission of their institution and the increased accessibility made possible by digitalized sources. The library community's acceptance of the information society idea as a "given" social phenomenon supports discourses that play down historical continuities and herald the dawn of a new age. Such discourses ignore or reject historical evidence that points to the existence of past information societies, revolutions, and infrastructures defined, in part, by the operation of indirect surveillance, constituted by the bureaucratic information systems of modernity. Victorian Britain serves as a good example of an early information society, to which public libraries, themselves micro-information societies, contributed significantly. The role played by public librarians in the Victorian information society, illustrated in this article by evidence drawn from the contemporary library press, is seen in their preoccupation with the surveillance and ordering of knowledge; their adoption for library operations of the businesslike, bureaucratic procedures described recently by business historians; and their panoptic tracking of users and their activities.     

The diffusion of scientific discoveries in government laboratories: The role of patents filed by government scientists

The study examines the role of a patent filed by government scientists in regard to the dissemination of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. While a patent filed by government scientists decreases the rate of follow-on patents in a technological area that overlaps with the areas of the focal patent, it increases the rate of follow-on patents in non-overlapping technological areas. The increase in follow-on inventions is attributed to risk-taking inventions, that is, inventions involve a high chance of resulting in either impactful or failure patents, rather than incremental inventions. It is also characterized by inventions with a high level of originality. Inventors in distant locations in terms of geographical and technological proximity are most affected by the patents filed by government scientists. The patent effect is pronounced when the government scientists involved in the focal discovery have fewer social connections and when the scientific field is less familiar in the industry. These findings are consistent with the idea that patenting by government scientists helps facilitate the dissemination of technological information or potential of scientific discoveries in government laboratories. Policy and managerial implications are also discussed.     

Droplet-based microfluidic washing module for magnetic particle-based assays

In this paper, we propose a continuous flow droplet-based microfluidic platform for magnetic particle-based assays by employing in-droplet washing. The droplet-based washing was implemented by traversing functionalized magnetic particles across a laterally merged droplet from one side (containing sample and reagent) to the other (containing buffer) by an external magnetic field. Consequently, the magnetic particles were extracted to a parallel-synchronized train of washing buffer droplets, and unbound reagents were left in an original train of sample droplets. To realize the droplet-based washing function, the following four procedures were sequentially carried in a droplet-based microfluidic device: parallel synchronization of two trains of droplets by using a ladder-like channel network; lateral electrocoalescence by an electric field; magnetic particle manipulation by a magnetic field; and asymmetrical splitting of merged droplets. For the stable droplet synchronization and electrocoalescence, we optimized droplet generation conditions by varying the flow rate ratio (or droplet size). Image analysis was carried out to determine the fluorescent intensity of reagents before and after the washing step. As a result, the unbound reagents in sample droplets were significantly removed by more than a factor of 25 in the single washing step, while the magnetic particles were successfully extracted into washing buffer droplets. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate a magnetic particle-based immunoassay with streptavidin-coated magnetic particles and fluorescently labelled biotin in the proposed continuous flow droplet-based microfluidic platform.     

Assessing user-specific difficulty of documents

On the web, a huge variety of text collections contain knowledge in different expertise domains, such as technology or medicine. The texts are written for different uses and thus for people having different levels of expertise on the domain. Texts intended for professionals may not be understandable at all by a lay person, and texts for lay people may not contain all the detailed information needed by a professional. Many information retrieval applications, such as search engines, would offer better user experience if they were able to select the text sources that best fit the expertise level of the user. In this article, we propose a novel approach for assessing the difficulty level of a document: our method assesses difficulty for each user separately. The method enables, for instance, offering information in a personalised manner based on the user’s knowledge of different domains. The method is based on the comparison of terms appearing in a document and terms known by the user. We present two ways to collect information about the terminology the user knows: by directly asking the users the difficulty of terms or, as a novel automatic approach, indirectly by analysing texts written by the users. We examine the applicability of the methodology with text documents in the medical domain. The results show that the method is able to distinguish between documents written for lay people and documents written for experts.     

《傲慢与偏见》与《金粉世家》——爱情观以及影响婚姻的因素

《傲慢与偏见》是英国著名女作家简.奥斯汀的一部力作,描述的是青年男女恋爱与婚姻。本文作者试通过分析小说四起典型的婚姻来讨论性格是如何影响一个人的婚姻价值定位的,以及简.奥斯汀对待婚姻的看法;《金粉世家》中的男女主人公也是存在类似的命运,真挚的爱情受到世俗偏见的考验,爱情的力量是伟大的,二人很幸福地结合了,然而最终作者却是以悲剧结局了整部作品。两部作品的爱情与婚姻相同而又具有差异性。     

Public procurement and innovation—Resurrecting the demand side

Demand is a major potential source of innovation, yet the critical role of demand as a key driver of innovation has still to be recognised in government policy. This article discusses public procurement as one of the key elements of a demand-oriented innovation policy. The paper starts by signaling the new significance of public procurement for innovation policy strategies at the EU level and in a range of European countries. It then defines the concept of public procurement and embeds this concept within a taxonomy of innovation policies. The rationales and justifications of public procurement policies to spur innovation are discussed, followed by a consideration of the challenges and potential pitfalls as well as appropriate institutional arrangements and strategies, including some recent empirical examples of good practice. It concludes by confronting the public procurement approach with two of the most common objections to it and by considering future prospects.     

索膜结构非线性有限元找形分析基本理论研究

膜结构是近40年发展起来的一种新型建筑结构形式,它以性能优良的柔软织物作为覆盖材料,可以是向膜内充空气,由空气压力支撑膜面,也可以利用柔软的拉索结构或刚性的支撑结构将膜绷紧或撑起,从而形成具有一定刚度、能够覆盖大跨度空间的结构体系。膜结构的突出特点就是它形状的多样性．曲面存在着无限的可能性。以索或骨架支承的膜结构．其曲面就可以随着建筑师的想象力而任意变化,使得膜结构具有广阔的发展前景,将是21世纪空间结构发展的主流。     

德瓦尔论潘属猿如何谋求和平

德瓦尔关于潘属猿如何谋求和平的主要观点可概括为：一.生存与繁殖竞争决定了社会成员之间必然存在着冲突的可能性,但冲突的危害也已使社会动物演化出了多种避免与解决冲突、维持和平的自然机制;二.潘属猿的求和与维和之道主要有：容忍、和解与干涉;其具体方式主要有：1.通过抚摸、拥抱、毛皮护理及性行为来安抚对方从而使对方能容忍自己的行为或通过自我克制来使自己能容忍对方的行为,从而避免冲突;2.通过冲突双方的主动和解或经第三方调解来达到和解;3.通过第三方的威慑与干涉来制止冲突、维护和平。     

On nonlinear discrete-time systems driven by Markov chains

The behavior of a class of hybrid systems in discrete-time can be represented by nonlinear difference equations with a Markov input. The analysis of such a system usually starts by establishing the Markov property of the joint process formed by combining the system's state and input. There are, however, no complete proofs of this property. This paper aims to address this problem by presenting a complete and explicit proof that uses only fundamental measure-theoretical concepts.     

Medical science in the light of the Holocaust: Departing from a post-war paper by Ludwik Fleck

In scholarly debates, Ludwik Fleck's post-war paper 'Problemy naukoznawstwa [Problems of the Science of Science]', published in 1946, has been taken unanimously to illustrate the epistemology expounded in his monograph Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. The paper has also been seen to support parts of the received view of Fleck, notably that he manufactured an anti-typhus vaccine while imprisoned in Buchenwald. However, a different narrative emerges when comparing Fleck's paper with other accounts, also published in 1946 and written by other prisoners alluded to by Fleck in his paper. The situation is further complicated by four papers, published in prestigious scientific journals between 1942 and 1945, by the German medical leader of the typhus studies accounted for by Fleck. In addition, a thus-far neglected paper by Fleck, published in 1946 and summarizing his observations on typhus, discloses his role in the Buchenwald studies. Despite the obvious difficulties with tracing the history behind these works, notably the one on Nazi science, the contention is that what was attempted in Buchenwald in the name of science amounted to pseudoscience. This conclusion is amply supported not only by the accounts given by Fleck's fellow prisoners, but also by his own post-war paper on typhus. Based on the above findings, it is suggested that the mythology about Fleck, established in the 1980s, has been accomplished by a selective reading of his papers and also that the role played by Fleck was more complex than has so far been contemplated.     

Keeping plagiarism at bay—A salutary tale

This editorial examines the question of whether plagiarism may be on the increase in the social sciences and, if so, what needs to be done to keep the problem in check. It was prompted by the discovery of an alert reader in June 2007 that a 1993 paper in Research Policy appeared to have plagiarised a 1980 article in the Journal of Business. The allegation was investigated, and it was agreed by the Editors that the 1993 paper constituted a clear and serious case of plagiarism. However, the author concerned has published over 100 articles and books. Already, two other publications have been judged by the editors of the journals concerned to have plagiarised previous publications. Two more are under investigation, but the great majority of the remainder still remain to be checked. The fact that academic misconduct on this scale has gone unchecked over such a prolonged period raises serious issues about the efficacy of the processes used to police the conduct of researchers. Furthermore, the unexpected discovery that a paper by the author under investigation appears itself to have been plagiarised poses a fundamental question as to whether plagiarism may be far more common than previously assumed. The editorial concludes that a measured degree of vigilance and a greater willingness to pursue any well-founded suspicions of research misconduct are required by editors, referees, publishers and the wider academic community if the scourge of plagiarism is to be kept at bay.     

Under the radar: Industry entry by user entrepreneurs

We inductively develop a model of the commercialization process for new products or services user entrepreneurs undertake when entering an industry while drawing on proprietary technology developed in another industry. Extending the growing field of user entrepreneurship, we identify a two-phase approach to industry entry by user entrepreneurs who start “under the radar” of incumbent firms, gain experience, attract a first potential customer base, and then, in a second phase, engage in commercialization. During this process, a community of fellow users is of major importance for the entrepreneur, serving as a knowledge pool for skills development and experimentation with different commercialization paths. We study a nascent group of firms founded by users of video games who became entrepreneurs on entering the animation industry by producing Machinima, a new film genre characterized by shooting film in video games. We explain how user entrepreneurs gain access to complementary assets (video games) for their new use (shooting film), how they deal with intellectual property issues when using other firms’ assets, and how user entrepreneurs combine domain knowledge about film production with their experience in video games and the art of Machinima. Our propositions hold implications for management and policy.