Curriculum Analysis of Food Safety Competences at Elementary and Upper‐Secondary Level of Formal Education Inside Food‐Related Programs in Slovenia

Since formal education is guided through food‐related curricula, there is a concern regarding to which extent food safety elements are supported in the current educational objectives presented in syllabi. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing food safety elements in the syllabi at the elementary (for students between 6 and 14 y of age) and upper‐secondary level (food‐related programs) of formal education (for students between 15 and 18 y of age). Analysis was done through predefined criteria, evaluating the educational objectives listed in available syllabi approved by the national government. The results revealed the elementary level as a good prestage for education at the next level concerning food safety elements. At the upper‐secondary level, the acquisition of knowledge and development of skills related to food safety elements of interest are well supported. However, based on frequent errors made by professional food handlers reported in the literature, the role of food handlers and their food safety awareness should receive more attention in the syllabi. To support this and to overcome a lack of educational objectives identified, several actions are suggested. Based on methodological recommendations for the teacher in the syllabi, the importance of qualified teachers was once again confirmed. Vocational schools are and will remain an indispensable pillar in the education of future professional food handlers; however, teachers with sufficient knowledge and a positive attitude toward food safety seems to be, besides quality curricula, one of the important factors in achieving the proper attitudes of people required to implement food safety.     

幼儿教师科学课程知识特点分析

幼儿教师的科学课程知识是教师开展幼儿科学活动的前提和基础。本研究综合运用问卷、观察和访谈法，剖析了幼儿教师科学课程知识的特点及其存在的问题。结果表明：幼儿教师的科学课程知识比较贫乏；教师在确定主题目标与内容上存在较大困难．处于同义重复阶段；教师的教材与其他教育资源知识存在个体差异；教师整合资源的意识比较薄弱，但较重视现代信息设备，并逐渐重视和挖掘“儿童”这一宝贵教育资源的作用。     

Food and Culture: A Pedagogical Approach to Contextualizing Food‐Based Activities in Multicultural Counseling Courses

Pedagogic approaches that draw on reflective practices and experiential activities are valued for their perceived ability to enhance multicultural understanding. The use of food‐based assignments is not uncommon in multicultural counseling courses; however, the authors contend that although these activities may be experiential in nature, they are often devoid of any meaningful in‐depth discussion about related contextual elements, such as power dynamics, economic systems, familial structures, cultural values, and religious meaning. This article describes a food‐based assignment used in a multicultural counseling course incorporating firsthand experience with members of various cultures. Anecdotal evidence, as well as suggestions for practice, is included.     

基于课程知识建模的企业培训课程开发技术框架

国内企业培训课程开发已暴露出缺少恰当的需求分析技术、课程目标的制定缺少知识维度的依据、课程本体的开发过于简化等问题。基于课程知识建模的培训课程开发技术框架旨在通过技术方法与规范保证课程开发的理性和创造性,主要技术特征包括:知识网络为课程开发各个环节建立基于数据的联系,角色分析和知识分析相互补充共同完成需求分析,在知识网络的基础上制定课程目标、设计开发模块化的课程本体等。     

Capturing Generation‐Based Institutional Knowledge Utilizing Design Thinking

Baby Boomers are retiring in large numbers, leaving a shortage of highly knowledgeable employees currently in the U.S. workforce. The time for capturing critical knowledge and ensuring effective knowledge transfer, retention, and implementation to the Millennial generation is now. Through a systematic evidence‐based review, the major finding was that a primary factor of consideration is the selection of a multigenerational knowledge management design team that fosters generational socialization by following a conceptual model for capturing institutional knowledge.     

Development of Category‐Based Induction and Semantic Knowledge

Category‐based induction is a hallmark of mature cognition; however, little is known about its origins. This study evaluated the hypothesis that category‐based induction is related to semantic development. Computational studies suggest that early on there is little differentiation among concepts, but learning and development lead to increased differentiation based on taxonomic relatedness. This study reports findings from a new task aimed to (a) examine this putative increase in semantic differentiation and (b) test whether individual differences in semantic differentiation are related to category‐based induction in 4‐ to 7‐year‐old children (N = 85). The results provide the first empirical evidence of an age‐related increase in differentiation of representations of animal concepts and suggest that category‐based induction is related to increased semantic differentiation.     

Eating Right: Linking Food‐Related Decision‐Making Concepts From Neuroscience,Psychology, and Education

This literature review uses four dimensions to classify and compare how food‐related decision‐making is conceptualized and experimentally assessed in neuroscience and other disciplines: (1) food‐related decision‐making other than the decision of what to eat that is part of each eating episode, (2) decision complexes other than the eating episode itself, (3) the evolution of food‐related decision‐making over time, and (4) the nature of food related decisions. In neuroscience in particular, food‐related decision‐making research has been dominated by studies exploring the influence of a wide range of factors on the final outcome, the type and amount of foods eaten. In comparison, the steps that are leading up to this outcome have only rarely been discussed. Neuroscientists should broaden their historically narrow conceptualization of food‐related decision‐making. Then neuroscience research could help group the numerous hypothesized influences for each of the decision complexes into meaningful clusters that rely on the same or similar brain mechanisms and that thus function in similar ways. This strategy could help researchers improve existing broad models of human food‐related decision‐making from other disciplines. The integration of neuroscientific and behavioral science approaches can lead to a better model of food‐related decision‐making grounded in the brain and relevant to the design of more effective school and nonschool lifestyle interventions to prevent and treat obesity in children, adolescents, and adults.     

论基于知识理解的网络课程设计

在信息过剩的网络资源条件下,促进学生理解是教学过程中一个核心目标。基于知识理解的网络课程设计,是以呈现衍生性论题、公开的理解目标、层次化的理解活动,实现引领理解的导航以及促进理解的持续性评价,来呈现学习内容的网络课程模式。     

Gender‐Based Differential Prediction by Curriculum Samples for College Admissions

A longstanding concern about admissions to higher education is the underprediction of female academic performance by admission test scores. One explanation for these findings is selection system bias, that is, not all relevant KSAOs that are related to academic performance and gender are included in the prediction model. One solution to this problem is to include these omitted KSAOs in the prediction model, many of these KSAOs are 'noncognitive' and “hard‐to‐measure” skills in a high‐stakes context. An alternative approach to capture relevant KSAOs is using representative performance samples. We examined differential prediction of first year‐ and third year academic performance by gender based on a curriculum‐sampling test that was designed as a small‐scale simulation of later college performance. In addition, we examined differential prediction using both frequentist and Bayesian analyses. Our results showed no differential prediction or small female underprediction when using the curriculum‐sampling tests to predict first year GPA, and no differential prediction for predicting third year GPA. In addition, our results suggest that more comprehensive curriculum samples may show less differential prediction. We conclude that curriculum sampling may offer a practically feasible method that yields minimal differential prediction by gender in high‐stakes operational selection settings.     

20世纪本科生医学教育中的基础医学课程

本文论述了过去100年中基础医学科学在本科生医学课程中的作用和课程改革,讨论了进入21世纪之际仍然反映在医学教育中科学与技艺之间的紧张关系。     

20世纪中期美国科学课程改革及其成效

采用历史研究法,对美国50年代中后期至70年代中期科学课程改革历程与成效进行了分析.此次课程改革以结构主义课程观为指导,主要经济资助来自联邦政府拨款的美国科学基金会,实际推行课程改革是各个高校和中小学组建的各种专业委员会.在1975年以后,美国科学基金会资助的课程改革尽管广为传播,但只是零星地分布.调查的结果显示:50年代中后期开始的课程改革只是部分地成功地达到政府和社会提出的课程改革目标.     

核心素养:基于理科课程的一个实证研究

核心素养是当前世界教育界关注的焦点。运用未来预测法——德尔菲法,通过来自全国高等院校和科研院所的33名专家共同体基于我国社会发展背景和学生全面发展需求所作出的有效决策和权威共识,得出中学理科课程应重点培养学生发展13项科学能力和价值观念。     

重温五四的民主与科学

回顾了民主与科学在中国的坎坷历程,认为目前要标本兼治,既要加强社会主义民主制度建设,更要努力提高公民的科学文化素质。     

Being Mimicked Increases Prosocial Behavior in 18‐Month‐Old Infants

Most previous research on imitation in infancy has focused on infants' learning of instrumental actions on objects. This study focused instead on the more social side of imitation, testing whether being mimicked increases prosocial behavior in infants, as it does in adults (van Baaren, Holland, Kawakami, & van Knippenberg, 2004). Eighteen‐month‐old infants (N = 48) were either mimicked or not by an experimenter; then either that experimenter or a different adult needed help. Infants who had previously been mimicked were significantly more likely to help both adults than infants who had not been mimicked. Thus, even in infancy, mimicry has positive social consequences: It promotes a general prosocial orientation toward others.     

英格兰KS4学段科学课程改革及其启示

2006年9月,KS4学段的科学课程新方案开始在英格兰正式实施.与以往相比,新课程减少了要求所有学生共同必修的核心内容,增加了用于评价新课程学习的资格证书种类,从而为学生创造了更大的选择空间,提供了更多的自我实现机会.本文分析英格兰这次科学课程改革的背景及特点,阐释这次科学课程改革对我国新课程改革的有益启示.     

论实践性知识发展取向的教师职前教育课程改革

实践性知识是教师专业发展的知识基础,反映出教师个体的教育智慧和风格。我国职前教师教育中普遍存在忽视师范生实践性知识培养的倾向,阻碍了师范生顺利入职和专业自主发展。以教师实践性知识发展为根本取向,根据实践性知识的本质、结构与生成转化规律,重构教师职前教育课程体系,是当前提高教师职前教育质量的必由之路。     

Rater Agreement in Test‐to‐Curriculum Alignment Reviews

During the development of large‐scale curricular achievement tests, recruited panels of independent subject‐matter experts use systematic judgmental methods—often collectively labeled “alignment” methods—to rate the correspondence between a given test's items and the objective statements in a particular curricular standards document. High disagreement among the expert panelists may indicate problems with training, feedback, or other steps of the alignment procedure. Existing procedural recommendations for alignment reviews have been derived largely from single‐panel research studies; support for their use during operational large‐scale test development may be limited. Synthesizing data from more than 1,000 alignment reviews of state achievement tests, this study identifies features of test–standards alignment review procedures that impact agreement about test item content. The researchers then use their meta‐regression results to propose some practical suggestions for alignment review implementation.