基于可持续发展理念的高等工程教育政策新范式

提出面向可持续发展的政策范式应树立集成的理念,塑造人与自然相协调的价值观,将环境问题、社会发展问题融合到传统的工程学科教育,涵盖工程教育体系的每个环节,推进国家高等教育政策和办学理念的改革,使得现有的高等工程教育朝可持续发展方向转变。     

Mobilizing the transformative power of research for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

This paper addresses the important question of how research can support the implementation of the United Nations 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set out in the 2030 agenda. Much attention on this topic has so far coalesced around understanding and measuring possible synergies and trade-offs that emerge in the SDGs. We contribute to this discussion by arguing that it is necessary to move towards a focus on how SDGs are enabling transformative change. A conceptual approach is presented based on the notion that research should build bridges across three types of SDGs: ones that reflect socio-technical system change, directionality, and framework conditions. This proposition is explored empirically through a case study of Mexican scientific knowledge production using methods from bibliometric and social network analysis. Our results can help to provide a diagnostic of how knowledge production is contributing to the SDGs and can be used in science, technology and innovation policy, in particular transformative innovation policy.     

Knowledge and Cooperation for Regional Development: The Effect of Provincial and Federal Policy Initiatives in Canada and Australia 1

Abstract

This paper examines how federal systems of government in Canada and Australia deal with the challenges of promoting regional innovation and knowledge‐based industries. It focuses on selected cases of federal and regional (provincial or municipally based) policy initiatives and structures that support cross‐sector collaboration between ‘knowledge institutions’ (such as universities) and locally based industries. The study reveals both anticipated commonalities in and unexpected differences between the Canadian and Australian innovation environments and policy approaches. Federalism, resource‐based economies and sparse population have led to similar concerns and solutions. However, building local innovation systems and networks is a question of building on social capital and Canada seems rather more inventive and effective than Australia in turning social capital into sustainable organisations. Several regions of Canada have developed very strong community involvement in networks and institutions for improving technological skills, awareness and programmes—examples which provide valuable lessons for Australia.     

新疆风电产业与政策发展现状及其关系研究——基于创新系统功能视角

为探究新疆风电产业与政策发展现状以及二者之间的关系。研究采用创新系统功能分析方法,对新疆风电产业及政策现状进行系统分析。研究发现,在新疆风电产业政策目标、行为主体、政策强度发生变化时,风电产业内行为主体需根据政策变化,对产业创新资源流动、风电市场培育、企业能力提升等方面做出相应的调整,才能适应当前政策的发展方向。反之,新疆风电产业的发展具有一定的阶段性特征,政策的制定必须随产业的发展做出及时有效的调整,才能达到风电产业发展与政策之间形成良好的交互机制,从而推动新疆风电产业健康持续发展。     

我国发展未来产业的机遇、挑战与对策建议

未来产业是以满足未来人类和社会发展新需求为目标,以新兴技术创新为驱动力,旨在扩展人类认识空间、提升人类自身能力、推动社会可持续发展的产业。在中国走向高质量发展的今天,前瞻布局未来产业是建设现代产业体系、培育发展新动能、促进经济高质量发展的重要举措。文章在阐述未来产业概念和特征的基础上,回顾了全球未来产业发展态势、主要国家和地区的布局,以及我国发展未来产业面临的机遇和挑战,并从加快推进基础研究、孵化产业生态、加强人才培养等方面提出政策建议。     

Socio-political factors and the failure of innovation policy in Croatia as a country in transition

This paper discusses the roles of socio-political factors and related public policies in the economic growth of Croatia, as well as their influence on its transition to a knowledge economy (KE). The Croatian experience might help to understand transition processes in other Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). This paper argues that Croatia has failed to capitalize on its inherited science base, which could have been used as a starting point in the transition towards a KE, because it has not made the shift from an obsolete socialist-style science policy to a modern innovation policy (IP); the latter is seen as the new policy paradigm necessary for structural adjustment to a KE.Covert socio-political growth factors shaped by the country-specific historical heritage of Croatia have prevented the recognition of the need for structural adjustment to the new technology regime, and have led to the belief that the IP is not only irrelevant but is also a relict of the state interventionism inherited from socialism, which was the most serious obstacle to policy reform.Examples drawn from the development of the IP and the National System of Innovation (NSI) in Croatia, which shares the socialist model of science policy and the socio-political context of the transition towards a market economy with other CEECs, can help to explain the failure of the IP. In the Croatian case, the decisive factors were the social state of so-called “semi-modernism” and the governance of the so-called “de-industrializing elite”.This paper concludes that the transition of a CEEC from a market economy to a KE requires a serious re-design of development policy, the effectiveness of which depends on social change determined by the political recognition and social assimilation of the new technological regime. In this sense, the current paper contributes to the understanding of the roles of social capital and governance in the economic growth of post-socialist countries.     

浅析我国循环经济发展的制度建设

当前,如何转变经济发展方式,实现可持续发展是我国经济社会发展的重要任务,发展循环经济已经成为我国的战略选择,虽然我国发展循环经济工作取得了一些成效,但是仍存在着一些问题。原因在于发展循环经济的政策体系尚未形成．有效促进循环经济良好运转的机制和体制有待完善。本文通过研究经济行为主体发展循环经济的内生化和自运行动力,提出我国循环经济制度体系构建的建议。     

加快我国农村剩余劳动力转移的对策选择研究

农村剩余劳动力转移是经济和社会发展的必然规律,是我国实现社会主义现代化的必然趋势。农村剩余劳动力转移是关系到实现国民经济现代化的关键性问题,也是关乎农民增收,社会稳定,经济可持续发展的重大问题。本文着重分析了我国农村剩余劳动力存在的原因,进一步提出了加快农村剩余劳动力转移的政策措施。     

Investments in modernization, innovation and gains in productivity: Evidence from firms in the global paper industry

This paper examines the impact of investments in modernization and innovation on productivity in a sample of firms in the global pulp and paper industry. This industry has traditionally accounted for significant amounts of employment and capital investment in North America and Europe. In contrast to much of the existing literature which focuses on the impact of R&D and patents on firms’ performance and productivity, we examine data on actual investment transactions in four main areas: (i) mechanical, (ii) chemicals, (iii) monitoring devices and (iv) information technology. We find that firms that implemented a greater number of investment transactions in modernization achieved higher productivity, and these estimated quantitative effects are greater than the impact of standard innovation variables such as patents and R&D. Investment transactions in the information technology and digital monitoring devices imparted a particularly noticeable boost to productivity. These results are obtained after controlling for other firm-specific variables such as capital intensity or mergers and acquisitions. Thus, firms’ decisions to undertake investments in modernization and incremental innovations appear to be critical for achieving gains in productivity, compounding to form meaningful differences in performance, productivity and competitive position across firms in the longer run. For some of the traditional industries like pulp and paper, R&D and patents seem to be particularly poor indicators of innovation and, more generally, how firms go about achieving gains in productivity.     

政策激励对资本区位选择和福利影响的研究

本文主要研究了政策激励对资本区位选择、集聚、社会福利的影响.认为政策激励既不能改变资本的区位分布,也不能弥补地区投资环境中的严重缺陷,产生积极的外部效应.关联地区的政策竞争没有促进该地区福利改善,甚至造成了该地区的福利损失.以往以及现行的地方优惠政策只能是在投资环境不完善条件下的短期诉求,是对较高商务成本的一种政策性弥补,是一种"反常态政策",区域经济发展必须诉诸于有形资本、人力资本和体制资本的形成.     

山区资源型经济转型路径探析

山区在我国经济社会可持续发展过程中具有重要的战略地位。论文深入分析了思维转变、体制改革、政策调控、技术创新、投资优化、财政扶持、转型基金设立、人力资源开发、空间布局调整、生态环境保护等山区资源型经济可持续发展路径。最后的结论为：思维转变是前提,技术创新是关键,政策、体制、财政投资是保障,人力资源开发是根本,空间布局调整、生态环境保护是基础。只有同时处理好上述诸方面的关系,才能使山区资源型经济及时转型,实现山区经济社会环境健康可持续发展。     

市场、制度和网络对中国消费者住房购买行为的影响及治理研究

设计评估市场机制、社会文化、政策体系和社会网络的18个测量项目,利用分层抽样和拦截访问对1900名消费者进行调查,采用多层次回归方法分析市场机制、社会文化、政策体系和社会网络对消费者住房购买行为的影响。社会文化和社会网络对这种行为的影响要高于市场机制和政策体系的影响,市场机制对这种行为只能产生较弱的作用,而政策体系对这种行为的作用并不显著。结果表明,不同区域的消费者住房购买行为的形成机制存在差异,市场机制对东部这种行为的作用要高于对西部这种行为的作用,社会网络对西部这种行为的作用要高于对东部这种行为的作用。     

我国工业园区可持续发展的困境与突破

分析我国工业园区在实施可持续发展过程中,面临的诸多困境,诸如速度规模与质量效益的矛盾、行业特质与资源能源紧缺的矛盾及产业发展与环境承载力的矛盾等,并为突破这些困境提供政策建议.     

可持续发展的生态限制模型及对中国转型发展的政策意义

可持续发展是我国当前转型发展的重要方向,但是长期以来国内学术界有关公共政策的讨论很少与可持续发展联系起来,缺少对可持续发展理论模型的深入研究。文章指出对可持续发展强调的经济、社会、环境3个方面存在着并列模型、交错模型、生态限制下的包含模型3个不同的模型,讨论了不同模型对于中国发展的政策意义。认为作为可持续发展一般原则的并列模型,虽然强调发展必须考虑经济、社会、环境3个方面的效益,但是3个方面的简单加和,即传统的经济社会发展加上末端治理导向的环境治理,并不能实现真正的可持续发展;而体现弱可持续性的交错模型,虽然强调提高资源生产率,但是在生产模式和消费方式不改变的情况下,不可能克服反弹效应问题实现生态文明所要求的减物质化发展。提出需要建立基于生态限制原则的可持续发展的包含模型,提出了包含模型下的中国可持续发展政策创新的目标、原则和路径,强调中国未来的转型发展,需要更多地考虑地球自然资本的边界和我国自然资本的约束条件,从追求物质资本的扩展转向追求人类福利发展。     

大西北人口迁移形势的变动及其现状特点

自20世纪70年代末以来,由于全国社会经济发展形势的变动,尤其是国家生产布局方针的调整,大西北在全国人口迁移中的地位显著下降。本文对大西北人口迁移态势的变动过程、现状特点及其对人口数量、人口结构和人口分布的影响进行了分析,并针对智力流失问题提出了相关的对策建议。     

Technological capabilities, invisible infrastructure and the un-social construction of predictability: the overlooked fixed costs of useful research

The paper explores the idea that unpredictability is a much more pervasive and important feature of technical change than is traditionally supposed. It explains how economically important interactions between scientific explanations and technology require the construction of very specific, artificially predictable conditions where explanations’ implications match technologies’ behaviour. The iterative construction of these localised predictable conditions from unpredictable starting materials relies on, generates, and is made easier by reusable social and physical infrastructure. The paper develops a non-tautological model of technological capabilities and provides a novel explanation for a range of empirical findings. Theoretical and policy implications are reported.     

旅游地居民社会生活变迁的实证研究及其对江西的政策启示——基于赣琼两个旅游村落间的比较

旅游地开发对当地居民社会生活变迁的影响是全面而深刻的。本文以海南和江西两个旅游村落为例。通过比较分析揭示了旅游地开发后当地居民在心理、社会关系和权力三个层面的变化特点及内在规律,重点关注于其中存在的矛盾和问题。在此基础上,以构建民生改善为导向的旅游发展模式为-l=lj~．点探讨了对江西旅游发展的政策启示。     

中国海岸带可持续发展中的生态环境问题与海岸科学发展

海岸带既是陆地向海洋延伸的陆海相互作用最强烈的地带,又是复杂、动态的地球表层自然系统,也是高强度人类活动和全球气候变化双重影响下的空间单元。文章分析了影响我国海岸带可持续发展的十大生态环境问题,并以国际海岸带陆海相互作用计划(LOICZ)及国际未来地球海岸计划(FEC)为背景综述了国际海岸带科学研究进展与趋势,同时简述了国内海岸带研究进展与差距,进而联系海岸带变化问题,探讨了我国海岸科学与沿海可持续发展的研究思路、目标和内容,强调了全球变化影响和人类活动压力下海岸带陆海相互作用与可持续发展的研究已超越传统地理学和海洋学的范畴,基于海岸带自然与人文因素探讨性地提出了划分海岸带为"特征性核心带(最强作用带)—相邻带(较强作用带)—外围带(弱作用带)"的"三带"概念,指出海岸科学是一门研究海岸带自然属性及功能、陆海相互作用和可持续发展的综合交叉性科学,是认识海岸带规律、支持可持续发展的不可替代的特色学科。     

Environmental Management,Structure, Networks and Information Exchange: The Case of a Tasmanian Pulp and Paper Mill

Pulp and paper is a major impact industry, in which environmental impacts can be seen to be complex, diverse and characterised by uncertainty and interdependence. A greening process within this industry requires wide ranging environmental knowledge. Also fundamental are effective networks for information exchange and greening is therefore dependent on changes to such networks. This study investigates the issue of how greening occurs, focusing on the process at the Fletcher Challenge New Zealand integrated pulp and paper mill situated in Tasmania, Australia. It was seen that effective greening within this industry relies on information processing capabilities to access external and internal knowledge and skills, and that this is fundamentally dependent on structural arrangements. Appropriate organisational structure and external networks are therefore essential for accessing information and facilitating its dissemination and integration, thereby enhancing the firm's ability to address environmental concerns. The study highlights interaction between the formal change process, one which sought limited change, and an informal change process that continued greening the company beyond the official aims. The reasons for this are located in the power of informal information exchange.     

Configuration of inclusive innovation systems: Function,agents and capabilities

Social exclusion represents a major challenge to policies advocating sustainable development in the Global South. Although this is a problem not prioritized in the realms of innovation policy focused on economic growth and competitiveness, it is now widely accepted that innovation may contribute significantly to the well-being of the social excluded. However, it is debated whether the innovation system approach is capable of informing transformational innovation policies aiming at overcoming social exclusion and other global challenges. This paper argues that the system innovation approach is adequate for facing this endeavour and identifies key constituent elements of innovation systems which are necessary for inclusion to emerge from the system dynamics. We illustrate the elements of this system configuration drawing upon the case of the appropriation of biorational approaches in pest management and precision agriculture techniques by a group of peasants in a rural village in Colombia. The proposal considers new elements that configure inclusive innovation systems in an agent-based, bottom-up perspective, such as new agents, capabilities, directionalities, and the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific and technology knowledge, elements that enable a new system function. In terms of policy implications, some reflections are made on favouring the sustainability paradigm and promoting inclusive learning processes.