北魏太武灭佛原因考辨

<正>一、关于太武灭佛原因的两种观点及分析关于北魏太武灭佛的原因，史学界目前存在着两种说法。一是佛道之争说。如侯外庐先生认为：“其发动太武毁佛则是土箸宗教对于外来宗教的联合进攻”。王仲荦先生也认为：灭佛是由于“搀入了佛道之争的因素”才发生的。二是经济原因说。如金家瑞同志在《北朝的     

论李德裕与会昌灭佛之关系——读《隋唐佛教史稿》札记

中国历史上有著名的“三武一宗”灭佛运动,唐代的会昌灭佛便是其中的一次。会昌灭佛,与武宗朝执政的宰相李德裕有很大的关系。史学界前辈汤用彤先生认为李德裕之所以积极主张灭佛,根源于他不喜释氏,进而推论出李德裕因与道教有关联而力斥佛教的见解。①我们认为汤先生的这一见解是存在谬误的。这是由于会昌灭佛的发生具有深刻的社会政治,经济等根源,它的发生也是有其历史必然性的。李德裕的所作所为不过是一个封建社会政治     

试析朗达玛灭佛的原因

佛教在吐蕃二百多年的发展中,发生过两次灭佛事件,其中后一次朗达玛灭佛,导致吐蕃境域"无佛"现象长达近一个世纪,给藏传佛教的发展产生了最为深远的社会历史影响。本文认为,朗达玛时期之所以发生灭佛事件:佛教的过度发展是根本原因,经济问题是重要原因,政治问题是直接原因。     

论北魏灭佛之特点

北魏太武帝灭佛是中国历史上大规模反佛的第一次,较之以后的三次反佛,它具有以下鲜明的特点:一日最为严厉残酷,长安地区的各寺僧侣大部被杀;二乃起因最独特,主要是政治原因,包括少数寺院僧侣可能图谋造反;三为当时朝廷与佛门间的经济矛盾最小,全境的僧尼敷只占北魏全国人口约1/400;四即灭佛持续最久,长达十四五年;五为结束得最突然意外,灭佛决策者太武帝竟遭太监宗爱谋杀,灭佛也就人亡政息了.研究这些特点,有助于我们对北魏灭佛及后三次"法难"事件的整体把握与诠释.     

浅谈武则天嵩山封禅与道佛两教的兴盛

政治与宗教在我国历史上有如一对孪生兄弟 ,统治者出于政治上的需要扶持宗教 ,宗教为政治服务 ,政治又为宗教尤其是道佛两教的发展提供了充分的社会环境。唐武则天时期 ,继泰山封禅后 ,嵩山因其独特的地理位置 ,武则天的推崇 ,成功实现了嵩山封禅 ,道教、佛教极为兴盛。此后 ,嵩山的地位大大提升。     

从“三武灭佛”看道教排佛

在历史上,佛、道两教长期争斗。道教排斥佛教,一般从纲常伦理、夷夏之辨、王道政治三方面发难,并企图借帝王之手打压佛教。道教排佛是"三武灭佛"的诱因,而非根本原因。"三武灭佛"并不是宗教信仰纷争的结果,主要是佛教势力与专制皇权之间矛盾激化的结果:势力强大的佛教与封建国家争夺土地、财富、人口等宝贵社会资源,危及到了封建统治。佛、道最终走向相互吸收、相互融合。     

北魏太武帝与周武帝灭佛之异同

本通过对北魏太武帝与北周武帝灭佛的成因、经过及结果的比较研究，找出二的相同点和不同点，认为太武帝灭佛的主观动因主要是以强制手段改变太子的信仰，以利于北魏统治，但败告终，而周武帝灭佛则 经过精心策划，收效显。     

从"三武灭佛"到"康熙禁教"

发生在我国历史上的"三武灭佛"和"康熙禁教",对我国宗教及历代统治者的宗教政策的发展都有着重要的影响,导致这些事件的原因很多,但最根本的是损害了统治者的利益,同时也反映了宗教发展与适应社会的必然过程.它告诉我们如何对待宗教,也启示着宗教界人士如何适应社会.     

略论民间宗教中的弥勒信仰

弥勒信仰作为民间宗教．魏晋以降几乎成了许多民间宗教运动的核心．本文主要从三方面论述弥勒信仰在民间宗教中的作用,一是弥勒净土为苦难民众虚构了一个理想国;二是末劫论为民间宗教运动提供了争夺政治话语权的理论依据;三是未来佛成了民间教主的象征与神化。     

金元时期泽州宗教、民间信仰的演变

通过对现存金元时期泽州一地碑刻丈献中道观寺庙碑刻文献研究可以看出,金元时期泽州形成了以民间信仰思想为主,道佛相融且有着浓郁地方特色的宗教思想,这一宗教思想体现了泽州崇儒尚俭民风,也与金元政治统治宗教思想相呼应。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.