Adrenocortical Responses to the Strange Situation in Infants with Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Relationships

Salivary cortisol levels were assessed in 19-month-old infants following the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. 38 infants participating in Project Steep at the University of Minnesota served as subjects. Project Steep is a longitudinal intervention program designed to promote healthy parent-child relationships and to prevent emotional problems among children born to mothers who are at high risk for parenting problems. Following the Strange Situation, saliva samples were collected and assayed for cortisol, a steroid hormone frequently examined in studies of stress. Behavior during the Strange Situation was coded by trained coders, and attachment classifications were determined for each infant. Cortisol concentrations did not differ between the 6 Avoidant/Resistant (A/C) and 17 Securely Attached (B) toddlers. Toddlers ( n = 11) who were classified as having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) attachments exhibited higher cortisol concentrations than toddlers in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study were consistent with a model of stress reactivity that conceptualizes the organization of coping behaviors as a factor that mediates physiological stress responses.     

Quality of Toddler-Mother Attachment in Children with Down Syndrome: Limits to Interpretation of Strange Situation Behavior

Researchers studying social-emotional development have argued that primary attachment relationships, established by the end of the first year of life, are important organizing factors that influence the trajectory of development throughout childhood. Central to this argument is a dimension of "attachment security," along which attachments differ. For normally developing infants and toddlers, attachment security is assessed using the Ainsworth Strange Situation. However, it is not clear that this procedure is appropriate for evaluating attachment security in atypical populations. In this report, 3 samples of children with Down Syndrome (total N = 138) were assessed using the Strange Situation. The procedures were scored according to traditional protocols. Although the 3 samples differed with respect to chronological and developmental age, they showed basic similarity with respect to attachment variables. However, developmentally younger children were more difficult to classify using the standard scoring rules. Scores and classifications for the sample were compared to scores from a sample of normally developing children tested at about 12 months of age. Significant differences with respect to the distributions of cases to classification categories and with respect to the interactive scale scores suggest that the Strange Situation may be measuring different aspects of behavior for children with Down Syndrome, even when they are tested at similar developmental age levels.     

源于课文、超出课文的读文思维状态--三论原形阅读和超原形阅读

读文思维状态按阅读者的思维是否与课文思维流动方向一致而分为“原形阅读”和“超原形阅读”。超原形阅读是阅读者先触摸作者文思,然后跳出作者文思,根据阅读者已有的知识参照系对课文某一局部作观察和思考。课文被想象成由许多方面合成的综合体,可作形式与内涵两方面的各种解析,从而获得清晰而深刻的超原形阅读印象。“超原形阅读”概念有助于广大语文教师在新的深度上认识读文教学。     

母子依恋与幼儿焦虑的关系

本研究以194名3～6岁幼儿及其母亲为被试,采用报告法测查幼儿的焦虑状况及其与母子依恋的关系.结果表明:在各焦虑症状中,女孩的躯体伤害恐惧得分显著高于男孩,低社会经济地位组幼儿的焦虑总分、分离焦虑、强迫一冲动障碍和广泛性焦虑得分显著高于中等和/或高社会经济地位组儿童,而中、高社会经济地位组儿童之间无显著差异;母子依恋与幼儿的焦虑总分及各焦虑症状(除强迫一冲动障碍)得分之间均呈显著负相关.     

关于新形势下党外干部选拔的思考

改革开放的持续、有效的发展,我国已真正、全面迈入现代化的发展时期,政治文明建设是我国现代化的基本任务之一.党领导下的多党合作制度是我国极具特色和行之有效的政治制度,也是我国政治民主化的重要载体.完善这一制度,赋予其时代内涵,是我国民主政治稳妥、有序、合理推进的有效方式,党外干部选拔的常态化、制度化、科学化是这个系列工程的重要一环.     

Neuroscience and Education: Blind Spots in a Strange Relationship

This article—mainly referring to the situation in Germany—consists of three parts. In a first section the current presence of neurosciences in the public discourse will be described in order to illuminate the background which is relevant for contemporary educational thinking. The prefix ‘neuro‐’ is ubiquitous today and therefore concepts like ‘neuropedagogy’ or ‘neurodidactics’ seem to be in the mainstream of modern thinking. In the second part of the article the perspective changes from the public discourse to the disciplinary discourse; a brief excursus into developmental psychiatry, neuropsychology and modern psychoanalysis will be made in order to demonstrate how the results of neuroscientific research are integrated in their theoretical frameworks. These three disciplines have no difficulty in integrating neuroscientific findings because each of them possesses a systematic core composed of ‘native concepts’. In contrast to them, educational theory has much more difficulty with such integration, as will be shown in the third part of the essay. On the one hand, neuroscientific thinking seems to be able to dominate education rather easily and without great resistance, especially in the fields of early childhood education, instruction and learning—mainly by simplifying educational processes and by reducing the complexity of the educational task to a mere ‘relationship problem’. On the other hand, this attraction of neuroscience in education might be understood as the reflection of a theoretical deficit in educational theory itself, with the significance of affect and emotion not receiving proper attention.     

成人依恋与心理健康问题研究

本文回顾成人依恋在心理健康领域取得的相关研究成果，即成人依恋与抑郁、人格障碍和精神病等的关系，以及依恋与昼问题之间的联系机制，并探讨该领域将来需要深入研究的问题。     

试论集体主义伦理原则的形成与组织性依附的关系

集体主义是社会主义道德的基本原则，考察共和国建立以后的中国社会现实尤其是中国特殊的社会结构，可以了解集体主义在历史上的获得过程，通过集体主义这一原则与组织性依附的关系的说明，明确 “单位性集体主义了”的概念，揭示出改革开放以前集体主义产生的背景及其运作机制，以期对集体主义原则的历史价值和现实意义作出合理的解释。     

Maternal Working Models of Attachment, Marital Adjustment, and the Parent-Child Relationship

This study examined the connection between maternal working models, marital adjustment, and the parent-child relationship. Subjects were 45 mothers who were observed in problem-solving interactions with their 16–62-month-old children ( M = 33 months). Mothers also completed the Attachment Q-set, the Adult Attachment Interview, and a marital adjustment scale. As predicted, maternal working models were related to the quality of mother-child interactions and child security, and there was a significant relation between marital adjustment and child security. Maternal working models and marital adjustment were also associated interactively with child behavior and child security. Among children of insecure mothers, child security scores were higher when mothers reported high (vs. low) marital adjustment. No relation between child security scores and mothers' marital adjustment was found among children of secure mothers. These results suggest that maternal working models influence parenting and child adjustment well beyond infancy, to which period the few existing studies of adult attachment have been restricted. The results also suggest that interactions between maternal working models and the marital adjustment on child behavior and attachment security need to be more closely examined.     

Relationship of College Students' Current Attachment to Appraisals of Parental Conflict

This study assessed the relationship of parental attachment and gender to appraisals of conflict with parents in an effort to clarify the psychological mechanisms that mediate the relationship between attachment and psychological well-being. Appraisals of conflict with parents were found to be related to level of attachment and gender.     

英、汉语言文化中的礼貌套语

这篇文章将从语用学的社会语言学（sociolinguistics of pragmatics)的角度出发比较并分析英语两种不同文化背境中的一些惯用礼貌套语（politeness expression),例如,恭维、问候、道别、邀请、馈赠等等。它企图基于前人的研究结果从而揭示英汉文化中语言交际的礼貌差异。通过分析,指出它在跨文化交际（cross-cultural communication)中的意义。该文还提出另一种特具汉语特色的礼貌现象,作为有关汉语礼貌现象研究的补充。     

The Relationship of Psychological Separation and Parental Attachment to the Career Maturity of College

This study was designed to investigate how psychological separation and parental attachment are related to career maturity separately and simultaneously and to investigate the influence of gender on the relationships among these variables. Subjects were 82 single white college freshmen from intact families. Data analysis using a canonical correlation analysis revealed that although psychological separation is relevant, parental attachment plays a more important role in career maturity. The relationship among the variables did not differ for men and women. The implications of this study for theory and counseling practice are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented.     

成人依恋风格及其与主观幸福感的关系

用亲密关系体验量表(ECR)和总体幸福感量表(GWB)对244名成年人进行测试,以考察已脱离原生家庭独立生活的成年人的依恋风格,并探讨依恋风格与主观幸福感之间的关系.结果为:①回避维度平均数和标准差为3.08±0.90,焦虑维度平均数和标准差为3.45±0.83;依恋类型分别为安全型29.9％,恐惧型36.4％,专注型14.7％,冷漠型19％.②依恋回避和依恋焦虑均与主观幸福感有显著负性相关.安全型依恋的主观幸福感水平比非安全依恋要高,显著高于恐惧型和专注型,但与冷漠型差异不显著.由此可看出,成人依恋风格与主观幸福感有较强相关,依恋安全能较好地预测高主观幸福感.     

大学生依恋类型与心理健康的关系

通过使用亲密关系体验问卷和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对215名大学生进行了调查,探讨了大学生依恋类型与其心理健康之闻的关系。研究表明大学生依恋类型与其心理健康之间有密切关系。其中专注型男女在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性和其他因素上存在显著差异,冷漠型男女只在抑郁上存在显著差异;只有恐惧型恋爱与没有恋爱在人际关系、敌对、精神病性和其他因素上存在显著差异;安全型与不安全型只有在躯体化水平上差异不显著,在其他各水平上均达到显著。     

陇南市农村小学课外校外体育资源现状与开发利用

陇南市农村小学课外校外体育活动内容单一,活动处于无组织、无指导的状态.课外校外体育资源开发所涉及到的安全、组织和时间等问题没有得到很好解决,以至丰富的本地课外校外资源和体育课堂不能有效结合起来.针对上述问题,探讨了陇南市农村小学课外校外体育资源开发利用的对策并提出了建议.     

大学生父母教养方式与成人依恋的决策树分析

目的:探讨大学生成人依恋与父母教养方式之间的关系。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、亲密关系体验调查问卷(ECR)对280名大学生进行调查研究。结果:(1)非独生子女大学生在父亲因子(情感温暖、理解Ⅰ;过分干涉Ⅲ)和母亲因子(情感温暖、理解Ⅰ、过分干涉、过度保护Ⅳ上的得分显著低于独生子女大学生;在依恋回避因子上的得分显著高于独生子女大学生。(2)来自农村的大学生在父亲因子(情感温暖、理解Ⅰ;过分干涉Ⅲ;过度保护Ⅵ)和母亲因子(情感温暖、理解Ⅰ、过分干涉、过度保护Ⅳ上的得分显著低于来自城市的大学生;在依恋回避因子上的得分显著高于来自城市的大学生。(3)影响依恋回避的因子有母亲因子(惩罚、严厉Ⅱ;拒绝、否认Ⅲ),影响依恋焦虑的因子有母亲因子(拒绝、否认Ⅲ;偏爱被试Ⅴ)和父亲因子(偏爱被试Ⅳ;过度保护Ⅵ)。结论:大学生父母教养方式上存在差异,这种差异对成人依恋有显著影响。     

我院大学生课外体育活动现状分析

采用问卷调查法、文献资料法对莆田学院学生参加课外体育活动的现状进行调查与分析,指出大学生参加课外体育锻炼的喜欢的项目和制约大学生参加课外体育活动的主客观因素以及开展课外体育活动的必要性,并提出对策,以推动全民健身活动在我院蓬勃健康发展。