ENROLMENT TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

A statistical report, “The Condition of Education 1976”, prepared by the Planning Office of the US National Centre for Education Statistics and submitted to the Congress of the United States in March 1976, also analysed the developments in US higher education concerning: - present and projected educational attainment of the labour force

- enrolment in higher education and its pattern

- age structure of students in US higher education institutions.

Data on these problems, presented mainly in graphical form, serves as the basis for the information below.     

HOLOCAUST AWARENESS AND EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Experimentation in Holocaust education began in American schools in the mid‐1970s. After construction of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., the subject gained momentum. The last two decades have seen continuous development. In five states, Holocaust education is required at all school levels; in sixteen others, it is highly recommended. Serious teaching of the Holocaust started in earnest only long after World War II, when the horrors were at a distance and survivors started breaking the silence. Only then did systematic research begin. Teaching about the Holocaust developed as a result of Holocaust consciousness and of the growing feeling of its relevance to American culture. Such instruction also developed against a background of ongoing public debate concerning the Holocausts uniqueness, a controversy that has found its way into various teaching programs.     

学术职业化与美国高等教育的发展

本文借鉴职业社会学的相关研究成果 ,通过探讨 16 36～ 1914年间 (特别是 19世纪后期 )美国学术职业化进程以及在这个过程中发挥作用的主要因素 ,分析了美国高等教育发展的内在动力机制。     

美国《高等教育法》修订与高等教育财政改革

1965年通过的《高等教育法》是美国历史上最为重要的高等教育立法之一,扩展了联邦政府在高等教育财政领域的角色。该法以再授权的方式周期性地予以修订,到目前为止,已进行了8次再授权。2008年通过的《高等教育机会法》是对该法的第8次再授权,本次修订提出了一系列重要的高等教育财政改革措施,并突出体现了促进和改善入学机会、可负担和问责的高等教育财政理念。     

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADMINISTRATORS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

The professional development of college and university administrators is a problem which receives attention in many discussions on the policy and planning of higher education. In this connection we give below information based on an article by Charles F. Fisher, Director of the Institute for College and University Administrators of the American Council on Education.     

FEDERAL POLICY AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

A new federal policy for higher education in the United States may be formulated in the coming months. Below we give extracts from an article stressing responsibility of US higher education to affirm the aims of education in the changing economic and political situation, written by Professor Norman Birnbaum, of Amherst College, Massachusetts.     

NEED FOR CAREER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Career education is given increasing importance by the growing employment problems of higher education graduates. Below we give a summary of a statement concerning this problem in US four‐year colleges and universities prepared by the Committee on Career Education of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU). The statement was presented during the AASCU Annual Conference held in New Orleans from 10 to 13 November 1976.     

NEED FOR CAREER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Career education is given increasing importance by the growing employment problems of higher education graduates. Below we give a summary of a statement concerning this problem in US four‐year colleges and universities prepared by the Committee on Career Education of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU). The statement was presented during the AASCU Annual Conference held in New Orleans from 10 to 13 November 1976.     

xTHE QUALITY MOVEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Writing at a time when applications of Total Quality Management (TQM) in higher education in the United States are in great vogue, the author reminds the reader that TQM is only one of many management strategies that over the years have had their periods of popularity. Strategies come and go. Usually a hot strategy is in vogue for no more than seven years; then other ideas come into vogue as other ways of getting the quick fix are tried. Other strategies in competition with TQM in the United States include outcomes assessment, Deming's fourteen points, the Malcolm Baldridge Award, the ISO 9000 series, restructuring, re‐engineering, and performance indicators. American higher education institutions will probably have recourse to more traditional models than TQM for creating change in the future.     

美国营利性高等教育的特征

过去,教育与营利似乎是一对相斥的概念教育属于公立机构,通过政府财政预算获得经费,而营利活动则属于企业行为。在新的经济和社会环境下,这种格局开始发生变化,一方面部分大学组织的性质发生了变化,营利性机构渐渐涉足过去公立机构的职能范围;另一方面公立大学不再完全依靠政府拨款,开始向学生收取学费,并且从事一些营利性的活动。《民办教育促进法》在制定过程中,也无法绕开教育与营利性这对矛盾。为了解决《教育法》对教育机构属性的规定与现实情况之间的矛盾,《民办教育促进法》对于教育机构的营利问题进行了模糊处理,“合理回报”就是妥协的结果。目前人们在“教育产业化”认识问题上依然存在着较大的分歧。在国外虽然没有“教育产业化”这样的提法,但遇到的问题却是相同或相似的,因此高等教育市场化、商品化、私有化等是学术界十分关心的问题。特别是营利性高等教育机构的出现和迅速发展,更引起人们的高度关注。为此,本刊特别组织了这次笔谈,邀请国内外研究者分别从各个角度发表自己的看法。     

第三次浪潮:美国品德教育运动述评

20世纪初期以来的美国德育大体上经历了三大历史阶段 :品德教育的复兴是美国德育的第三次浪潮。品德教育运动具有强调正面和直接的道德教育 ,要求学校与社区、家庭在德育上的配合 ,以及努力促进青少年学以致用、践行道德价值以形成良好的品德等特征。目前美国品德教育运动的一个十分突出的努力是思考和探索什么是优质、高效的品德教育     

THE ROLE OF HEROES IN JEWISH EDUCATION

Rosenak has shown that contemporary Jewish education must negotiate the tension between relevance and authenticity. For those who embrace authenticity as a goal, education is often mediated through heroes--who are ideal cultural types. Such education is hampered by the diminution of heroes in contemporary culture: The hero has been replaced by the role model, and the aspiration to be like the hero has been replaced by individualism. This article explores the idea of heroes in education both in the philosophic literature (Taylor, McIntyre, Rosenak) and in various aspects of Jewish education in the United States, including a look at wider American Jewish culture in this regard. A brief comparison to Israeli Jewish education is also included, where similar tensions and dilemmas are found.     

TRENDS IN ADMISSION POLICY TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Higher education has been identified as an important social institution because of its formative effect and its influence on social, political, and economic development. Moreover, it is the major means by which upward social and economic mobility is achieved. In this context, the admissions process is recognized as a major link between higher education's social responsibilities and its educational goals, since the selection process is an important factor in determining the type and quality of education the student receives.     

UNITED STATES: CREATION OF THE COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Seven major United States higher education associations are Charter members of the US Council for International Co‐operation in Higher Education (CICHE) whose objective is to encourage international educational collaboration between US higher education and the higher education communities of other countries. The creation of the Council has been recommended by the study “International Linkages in Higher Education Feasibility Study”.

We give below information on this study and the main task of CICHE.