Changes in early adolescents' sense of responsibility to their parents in the United States and China: implications for academic functioning

This research examined American and Chinese children's sense of responsibility to their parents during early adolescence, with a focus on its implications for children's academic functioning. Four times over the seventh and eighth grades, 825 children (mean age = 12.73 years) in the United States and China reported on their sense of responsibility to their parents. Information on children's academic functioning was also collected from children as well as school records. Although children's sense of responsibility to their parents declined over the seventh and eighth grades in the United States, this was not the case in China. In both countries, children's sense of responsibility was predictive of enhanced academic functioning among children over time.     

Middle-class African American adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority and parenting practices: a longitudinal investigation

Conceptions of parental authority and ratings of parental rules and decision making were examined longitudinally among 82 middle-class African American adolescents and their parents (82 mothers and 52 fathers), who were divided into two groups according to family income. Adolescents were, on average, 13.14 years of age at Time 1 and 15.05 years of age at Time 2. Nearly all adolescents and parents affirmed parents' legitimate authority to regulate (and children's obligation to comply with) rules regarding moral, conventional, prudential, friendship, and multifaceted issues, but they were more equivocal in their judgments regarding personal issues. With age, adolescents increasingly judged personal issues to be beyond the bounds of legitimate parental authority, but judgments differed by family income. Adolescents from upper income families rejected parents' legitimate authority to regulate personal issues more at Time 1 than did adolescents from middle income families, but no differences were found at Time 2. Authority to regulate adolescents' behavior did not extend to other adults or to schools, churches, and the law. With adolescents' increasing age, African American families became less restrictive in regulating prudential, friendship, multifaceted, and personal issues. Adolescents', mothers', and fathers' judgments demonstrated significant continuity over time, but few cross- or within-generation associations in judgments were found. Conceptions of legitimate parental authority at Time 1 were found to predict family rules at Time 2.     

Individual differences in adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to obey: a longitudinal investigation

Adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and obligation to obey were examined in 568 Chilean adolescents (11–14 years old at Wave 1), followed once a year for 4 years. Adolescents' beliefs about parental legitimacy and obligation to obey declined with age. The steepest decline occurred during early adolescence, particularly in the personal domain. Adolescents who were uninvolved in problem behavior and perceived their parents to be supportive or high in monitoring at Wave 1 were more likely to endorse parental legitimacy and obligation to obey over time. There was little evidence that parenting or problem behavior moderated the normative decline in adolescents' beliefs about parental authority. Findings concerning individual differences in adolescents' endorsement of parental authority are highlighted in this study.     

从中美两国妇女地位比较看中国妇女发展

妇女地位是由妇女在生产、生育、生活中的作用决定的。通过对中美两国妇女在政治地位、法律地位、经济地位、文化地位、家庭和社会地位的比较,阐明在社会主义制度下,经过中国共产党和政府的不懈努力,广大妇女积极参加经济社会建设,中国妇女事业取得了巨大的发展,在政治和法律地位方面中国妇女是高于美国妇女的。     

Entry to University in the United States: The role of SATs and Advanced Placement in a competitive sector

This paper briefly explores the US secondary education system, concentrating on the variables that affect students' entrance into university and the effects of increased competition for places in the most highly selective universities. The SAT (formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) programme is highlighted, since it comprises the most common form of national standardised assessment for university bound students. With the recent increase in competition for the most highly prized university places, and growing numbers of US students entering university, another national assessment programme is gaining popularity—the Advanced Placement (AP) Program—which is then analysed.     

The changing role of the secondary principal in the United States: An historical perspective

This paper reviews the historical development of the secondary principalship in the US and examines how the current role of the principal is a result of historical forces. The authors consider a preferred future for the principalship and present recommendations for change.     

Education and the reproduction of economic inequality in the United States: An empirical investigation

This study investigates the relationship between family background and both college completion and earnings for a cohort of young adults. The study is based on sample of 8901 respondents from the National Education Longitudinal Study who were first surveyed as eighth graders in 1988 and last surveyed 12 years later and who were working and not attending school at the time of the last survey. The study finds that social class background has a powerful effect on college completion. The odds of completing college for a student from a high SES background are more than six times higher than for a student from a lower social class background, even when controlling for other predictors such as test scores, grades, and college expectations. The effect of social class background on young adult earnings is more modest, but consistent with other studies. In both cases, the relationship varies widely among gender and racial and ethnic groups.     

The relationship between perceptions of the classroom goal structure and early adolescents' affect in school: The mediating role of coping strategies

This study investigates the relations among students' perceptions of the goal structure in the classroom, the self-report of coping strategies, and affect in school. We hypothesized that perceptions of a task goal structure would be associated with positive coping strategies, and in turn with positive affect; and that perceptions of an ability goal structure would be associated with projective coping, denial coping, and noncoping, and in turn with negative affect. In addition, the study takes note of hypothesized reciprocal relations among all these variables. Using a longitudinal design, surveys were administered to 880 students from 4 ethnically and economically diverse school districts in the fall and spring of the 5th grade in elementary school, and in the fall and spring of the 6th grade in middle school. The findings support the hypothesized relations as well as some reciprocal relations among these variables. The findings also indicate that perceptions of the classroom goal structure were more stable within an environment than across environments, thus supporting the role of environmental characteristics in these perceptions.     

战后初期美国对韩、日政策的战略演变

1949年通过的NSC48/1等一系列文件反映了杜鲁门政府对日占领政策的战略转变。这一转变对美国的对韩政策产生了深远影响。美国开始从朝鲜半岛进行战略收缩,对朝鲜的援助也开始以经济援助为主。     

中美高校学生评价方法比较研究

学生评价不仅是高校教学的重要环节和高校教学管理的重要手段,同时也是高等教育领域各种教育评价活动的基础和核心。但目前有关高校学生评价的研究和实践仍是我国高等教育发展的薄弱环节,长期难以适应我国高等教育发展形势的要求。因此,本文旨在通过梳理美国以及我国高校常用的学生评价方法,从中总结发展经验,提出借鉴策略。     

中美高等教育之此较

从比较教育的角度来看,中美两国高等教育在管理体制、教学过程、教师水平等方面存在着明显差异.通过比较分析,可以为中国高等教育的教育教学改革提供启示和借鉴.     

Mathematics Achievement of Children in China and the United States

First and fifth graders in Beijing and Chicago were given a battery of mathematics test. Whether tested with problems requiring solely computation or with ones requiring application of knowledge about mathematics, American children's performance was consistently inferior to that of Chinese children. Interviews with American children suggested that they like mathematics, believe they are doing well in mathematics, and do not perceive mathematics as a difficult subject. American children's poor performance appears to be attributable, in part, to low motivation for devoting more attention to mathematics. Low standards held by American parents for academic achievement and lower interest in teaching mathematics by American teachers appear to contribute to American children's poor performance.     

郭秉文与华美协进社

通过考证近代著名教育家郭秉文参与创建华美协进社的多种史料发现,郭秉文这样的具有世界胸怀的中国知识分子促成了在美国有组织地传播中国文化。19世纪中期之前中华文化在海外的传播大多由外国亲华分子促成,其后中国在海外日趋负面的形象也多为外国人宣扬。郭秉文作为一位精于实务的制度建设者,为中国人在美国系统传播中国文化提供了最初的组织平台。     

The development and predictors of a preference for strivers over naturals in the United States and China

Across three pre-registered studies (n = 221 4–9-year olds, 51% female; 218 parents, 80% female; working- and middle-class backgrounds; data collected during 2019–2021) conducted in the United States (Studies 1–2; 74% White) and China (Study 3; 100% Asian), we document the emergence of a preference for “strivers.” Beginning at age 7, strivers (who work really hard) were favored over naturals (who are really smart) in both cultures (R² ranging .03–.11). We explored several lay beliefs surrounding this preference. Beliefs about outcomes and the controllability of effort predicted the striver preference: Children who expected strivers to be more successful than naturals and believed effort was more controllable than talent preferred strivers more. Implications of the striver preference in education and beyond are discussed.