废弃菌包中纤维素分解菌的分离与筛选

从废弃菌包中分离得到的11株菌株通过固体培养初筛和摇瓶发酵复筛,筛选出纤维素酶活性较高的2株菌株,分别记为f-6和f-10菌株。f-6菌株的Cx酶活力最高,作用于可溶性纤维素的效率最高;f-10菌株的复合酶活力最高,作用于不溶性纤维素的效率最高。在实际应用中,作用于可溶性的纤维素应该考虑选用菌株f-6,作用于不溶性的纤维素则考虑选用菌株f-10。     

稻草纤维素酶解制还原糖工艺条件研究

研究了纤维素酶酶解稻草制备还原糖的适宜条件,实验讨论了不同温度、酶用量、底物质量分数、酶解底物初始pH、蒸煮及振荡对酶解效果的影响．试验结果表明其适宜条件是温度为50℃,pH=4．5,酶用量为0．005(质量分数),蒸煮对酶解基本无影响,振荡有利于酶解．     

一株纤维素酶高产菌的分离及鉴定

为了对筛选得到的1株纤维素分解菌进行鉴定,并研究其对废弃秸秆资源的降解效果.本文通过羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固体培养初筛和复筛,从土壤中获得了1株酶活力较高的菌株,并对其进行不同碳源酶活力的初步研究.利用PCR法,结合18S rDNA的序列分析鉴定该菌株为产黄青霉菌,将该菌株接种到不同碳源的发酵培养基中,30℃培养48 h后测定酶活,发现该菌株不到12 h对滤纸完全崩解;15 d内对小麦秸秆分解迅速.同时测得羧甲基纤维素酶活力、滤纸糖化力和小麦秸秆纤维素分解能力分别为:4.653 U/m L、5.445 U/m L和6.876 U/m L.     

稻草秸秆酶解条件优化

以高温预处理稻草秸秆为原料,分别进行纤维素酶、木聚糖酶单因子和正交试验,探索秸秆适宜工艺条件。结果表明:在1∶8的酶解固液比条件下,添加纤维素酶15 FPU/g底物和木聚糖酶200 IU/g底物,于50℃温度下酶解48 h,将获得82.13%的还原糖得率。说明以纤维素酶及木聚糖酶处理稻草秸秆是可行方法之一。     

稻草秸秆酶解条件优化

以高温预处理稻草秸秆为原料,分别进行纤维素酶、木聚糖酶单因子和正交试验,探索秸秆适宜工艺条件。结果表明:在1∶8的酶解固液比条件下,添加纤维素酶15 FPU/g底物和木聚糖酶200 IU/g底物,于50℃温度下酶解48 h,将获得82.13%的还原糖得率。说明以纤维素酶及木聚糖酶处理稻草秸秆是可行方法之一。     

纤维素酶及其水解稻草粉产生单细胞蛋白的研究

在不同的培养基条件下,对不同种类菌种的酶活进行比较,选出几种组合方式,对它们产生单细胞蛋白的能力进行分析,发现１７３蛋白质增量最多（７．１１％）。     

黑泥中纤维素分解菌的分离、选育及应用

以麦糠纤维素为碳源,从造纸厂污水治理产生的废弃物——黑泥中分离出9株能分解纤维素的菌株。分别对其进行了滤纸分解度、羧甲基纤维素酶活力、天然纤维素酶活力、不同温度对纤维素分解菌酶活力的影响等方面的测定。结果表明:W-07菌株对滤纸的分解能力最强,不到14h滤纸全成糊状;同时羧甲基纤维素酶活力、滤纸糖化力和天然纤维素酶活力也最高,且在55℃的条件下具有最高的酶活力。将该菌种经扩大培养后应用到有机肥生产中,不但能减少黑泥对环境的再污染,同时产生了良好的经济效益。     

纤维素降解菌的筛选及在城市生活垃圾处理中的应用

以我市生活垃圾富集区土壤样品为筛选材料,对纤维素降解菌进行富集培养、刚果红筛选培养,获得能产纤维素酶的菌株。在此基础上,进行液体发酵培养复筛、产酶试验、酶活测定,最终筛选出高效降解纤维素的菌株。对筛选出的菌株进行生物学鉴定,包括菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色与芽孢染色和生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌。这种细菌能使纤维素类废弃物和以生活垃圾为碳源的发酵培养液中还原糖的含量显著增加,从而实现在降解生活垃圾中的应用。该项目的研发和实施不仅对城市生活垃圾处理行业快速、健康发展具有重要意义,更有利于生态农业的形成,促进城市环境和资源的可持续发展。     

发酵稻草饲喂肥育肉经及消化能的研究

采用一种生物化学及生物活性物复合制剂,无需外加微生物,直接发酵搓揉处理４ 秸秆,靠天然有益菌的快速的增殖,并抑制杂菌的生长,降解秸秆粗纤维,增加菌体蛋白质,提高千秆的生物学价值和有效的利用。用该生化培养剂处理稻,蛋白质含量可提高２．６０～３．３９个百分点,可降低粗纤维１０．４２～１６．５９个百分点。以千秆生化培养剂发酵稻草７０．８６％、发酵脱毒棉籽饼１２．２７％、大豆粕１５．３４％、食盐１．５％组     

稻草制羧甲基纤维素钠的研究

介绍以稻草为原料制备羧甲基纤维素纳的工艺条件。实验得出稻草纤维素醚化反应的最佳条件是：稻草纤维素钠、氢氧化钠、一氯乙酸的物料比为8∶3.5∶3；溶剂乙醇的含水量为30％；在70℃条件下反应5小时．纤维素醚化度可达0．8以上，是水溶性较好的纤维素钠．     

Simultaneous removal of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole from aqueous solution by rice straw biochar

The simultaneous sorption behavior and characteristics of cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on rice straw biochar were investigated. Isotherms of Cd and SMX were well modeled by the Langmuir equation (R2 >0.95). The calculated maximum adsorption parameter (Q) of Cd was similar in single and binary systems (34129.69 and 35919.54 mg/kg, respectively). However, the Q of SMX in a binary system (9182.74 mg/kg) was much higher than that in a single system (1827.82 mg/kg). The presence of Cd significantly promoted the sorption of SMX on rice straw biochar. When the pH ranged from 3 to 7.5, the sorption of Cd had the characteristics of a parabola pattern with maximum adsorption at pH 5, while the adsorption quantity of SMX decreased with increasing pH, with maximum adsorption at pH 3. The amount of SMX adsorbed on biochar was positively correlated with the surface area of the biochar, and the maximum adsorption occurred with d 250 biochar (biochar with a diameter of 150-250 μm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the removal of Cd and SMX by rice straw biochar may be attributed to precipitation and the formation of surface complexes between Cd or SMX and carboxyl or hydroxyl groups. The results of this study indicate that rice straw biochar has the potential for simultaneous removal of Cd and SMX from co-contaminated water.     

Empathy and narcissism in a sample of child abuse perpetrators and a comparison sample of foster parents

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to study the personality variables of empathy and narcissism in a sample of child abuse perpetrators and a comparison sample of foster parents, conceptualized as nonabusive parents, in order to gain further understanding of perpetrators and to provide clues for intervention. METHOD: The sample consisted of two groups: physically and emotionally abusive parents (n=52) and foster parents (n=101). Participants responded to three instruments: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), an instrument measuring individual differences in empathy, and two instruments measuring narcissism: the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and the Hypersensitivity Narcissism Scale (HSNS). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on three of the four subscales of the IRI: perspective-taking, empathic concern, and personal distress. Based on the definition of these subscales, the abusive parents as compared to the foster parents were not able to take the perspective of another or see things from another's viewpoint, showed less warmth, compassion and concern for others, and experienced difficulty in tense interpersonal situations. Statistically significant differences were found for the two groups on three of the six subscales of the NPI: authority, exhibitionism, and superiority, and on the HSNS. The abusive parents demonstrated less self-confidence, a greater lack of impulse control and were more narcissistic than their foster parent counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that it is how the perpetrators experience aversive behavior in their children that may provoke them to physically and emotionally abuse their children. Their self-centeredness in addition to their deficiencies in empathy may cause them to experience their children's misbehavior as an affront to their authority. Implications for treatment are made from this conceptualization of parental abuse.     

Estimation performance and strategy use of Mexican 5th and 8th grade student sample

What computational estimation skills and strategies do Mexican students possess? Does the theoretical model based on interviews with a select United States sample accurately describe the Mexican sample? These were questions studied based on interviews with 8 eighth graders (those scoring in the top 5%) out of a sample of 177 eighth graders from twelve different Mexican schools representing a range of social and economic backgrounds. Preliminary screening data collected by administering a computational estimation test revealed that estimation was very difficult for the Mexican students (mean 4.0, range of 0 to 18 on the 38-item open-ended test). The interviews revealed that the Mexican students as a whole did employ the three general cognitive processes outlined in the theoretical model, namely reformulation, translation, and compensation. The most common strategy employed was the front-end technique. Similarly, a frequent strategy used to “estimate” was mentally applying a paper/pencil algorithm. In contrast to data collected under similar conditions in Japan and the United States, rounding was a strategy only occasionally used in the interviews. The use of benchmarks (key reference points used as bounds in forming an estimate) as a strategy for estimating problems involving percent was common and may reflect students' “out-of-school” experience with mathematical applications. Consistent with parallel investigations with Japanese and United States students, these Mexican strudents rarely reflected on their estimates through their own initiative and rarely recognized unreasonable estimates.     

水稻齿叶矮缩病毒P8蛋白的抗体制备及其在水稻原生质体内的表达动态

水稻齿叶矮缩病毒(rice ragged stunt virus,RRSV)属于呼肠孤病毒科(Reoviridae)水稻病毒属(Oryzavirus)成员。该病毒引起的水稻齿叶矮缩病在我国南方发病严重,成为我国水稻生产上的重要病害。通过建立水稻原生质体培养体系,对RRSV主要外壳蛋白P8在水稻原生质体内的复制与表达情况进行研究。通过原核表达对P8蛋白进行抗体制备,抗血清经Western印迹检测具有特异性,间接ELISA测得其效价为2 500倍左右。以制备的抗血清为探针,通过Western印迹检测到P8蛋白在病毒侵染原生质体后24h开始表达,48h左右达到最大值,60h后开始下降,但仍保持在较高水平;同时,利用荧光定量PCR技术,对病毒侵染水稻原生质体后的P8RNA含量进行检测,结果表明,P8RNA在8h时开始积累,32h左右达到最大值,48h后表达量开始下降到一个平台期。     

Predicting the use of single versus multiple types of violence towards children in a representative sample of Quebec families

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine which factors best predict parental use of single versus multiple types of violence. METHODOLOGY: The study uses data from a Quebec telephone survey conducted with a representative sample of 2,469 mothers of children aged 0-17 years. The interview covered topics such as mother's attitudes and reports of violence towards children, mother's experiences of childhood violence, level of marital discord, and socioeconomic factors. A discriminant function analysis was performed using individual and family factors to predict membership in five distinct groups: (a) no violence reported; (b) reports of psychological aggression only; (c) reports of minor physical violence only; (d) reports of psychological aggression and minor physical violence; and (e) reports of psychological aggression, minor and severe physical violence. RESULTS: One-way ANOVAs revealed that the groups differed significantly on factors such as child's age and gender, mother's attitudes, mother's experiences of childhood violence, level of marital discord, and number of children in the household. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the groups differed in two ways. The first function maximally separated the report of psychological aggression from minor physical violence only. The second function discriminated between the combined reports of all three types of violence versus the reports of minor physical violence only. Mother's attitudes and experiences of childhood violence were the two factors that best distinguished among groups and best predicted group membership. CONCLUSION: These results offer new insights for the prediction of mother's reports of one type versus multiple types of violence and highlight the importance of distinguishing between types and combinations of family violence in future research.     

Childhood adversity, poly-substance use, and disordered eating in adolescent Latinas: mediated and indirect paths in a community sample

OBJECTIVE: Although many studies have identified associations between childhood maltreatment and later substance use and disordered eating, few have examined causal or explanatory pathways, and whether victim characteristics predict the development of one versus the other of these outcomes remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, relatively little childhood maltreatment research has examined Latino samples. To address these gaps, this study examined among Latina adolescents the effects of sexual abuse, physical/emotional abuse, neglect, disconnection from family, and parental alcohol problems on poly-substance use and disordered eating, and whether five individual characteristics explain or differentiate these outcomes. METHOD: Data from a community sample of 361 Latina adolescents were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Physical/emotional abuse predicted poly-substance use and weight concerns, and these associations were mediated by impaired current attachment. Disconnection from family predicted bulimic behaviors, and this association was mediated by dysphoria. One indirect path also emerged: Disconnection from family predicted low social conformity, and low social conformity predicted poly-substance use. Childhood sexual abuse did not uniquely predict any adverse outcome or individual characteristic examined. CONCLUSIONS: Dysphoria and impaired current attachment appear to play important roles in the development of substance use and disordered eating in Latina adolescents when physical/emotional abuse or disconnection from family predicts these outcomes. Dysphoria and low social conformity may differentiate the development of bulimic behaviors and poly-substance use, respectively, when family disconnection predicts these outcomes.