形成性评价对学生自主性的促进机制研究

形成性评价指教师在教学过程中对学生的学习情况进行的动态评价和及时反馈,这种评价形式能引导学生调整自己的学习方式、促进教师不断改进教学.形成性评价如果使用得当,能有效地提高学生的自主意识,帮助学生成为自主高效的学习者.     

The assessment of universities in Argentina and Australia: Between autonomy and heteronomy

The field of university assessment, including quality assurance, is structured by power and conflict, and shaped by technologies of assessment such as self-studyby academic units, numerical performance indicators and whole institution evaluation and ranking. In reconstructing and comparing the recent evolution of assessment practices in Argentina and Australia we detect a common neo-liberal approach to assessment, supported by global agencies such as the World Bank.Assessment policies and practices are used toadvance neo-liberal agendas, often incontradiction with national traditions inhigher education. In both countries moreexternalised and institution-centred forms ofassessment have facilitated the reformedgovernment heteronomy vis-à-vis theuniversities, the rise of business-stylemanagement inside them at the expense ofparticipatory governance, the transformation ofintellectual autonomy into corporate autonomy,and the reduction of diversity and academicindependence. However, some forms of universityassessment can be used to facilitateinternally-controlled reflection withinacademic units, directed towards educationalobjectives.     

The effects of autonomy support on student engagement in peer assessment

Although peer assessment is widely implemented in higher education, not all students are highly engaged in it. To enhance student engagement in peer assessment, we designed and developed a web-based tool, autonomy-supportive peer assessment (ASPA), to support students’ need for autonomy when they conducted peer assessment. Students’ sense of autonomy, and their behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement in peer assessment were examined via interviews and surveys. We also examined students’ academic performances, including their improvement from initial to revised essays and the quality of feedback they provided. Survey results indicated that the ASPA group (1) experienced a slightly higher sense of autonomy than the non-ASPA group, and (2) spent much more time on each evaluation criterion than the non-ASPA group. Interviews suggested that both the ASPA and non-ASPA groups were engaged in peer assessment. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in behavioral, emotional, cognitive engagement, and academic performances.     

墨西哥小学数学课程改革

90年代初,墨西哥政府公布了教育现代化规划后,随即掀起了教育改革的浪潮。墨西哥中小学课程改革即是这次教育改革的第一个重大步骤。从93—94学年起,墨西哥实施了新的教学计划,对中小学的课程设置和教学内容都进行了重大改革。本文仅对墨西哥中小学课程改革过程中的小学数学课程改革作一综述,为我国小学数学教师、学科     

学校章程与教育行政评估

学校章程评估是一种教育行政评估,核准学校章程是教育行政部门依法行政的一项职能。对学校章程的评估主要是论证章程的合法性和可能性,要发挥鉴定功能、调控功能和导向功能。     

School assessment in Thailand: roles and achievement of ONESQA

The 1999 National Education Act emphasizes the importance of quality assurance and national education standards. The main principle of educational provision of high standard lies in recognition of the importance of assessment for enhancing educational quality and raising the standard. Such recognition has led to establishment in Thailand of the Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment (ONESQA). The office is an independent body set up to develop the criteria, methods for external assessment and assessment of educational institutions at each level of education as stipulated in the national education law. The ONESQA became operational in November 2000 and it must appraise every school at least once every 5-year cycle. In this paper, the unique and the roles of the ONESQA will be described. The achievement of the ONESQA concerning the first round assessment of 35,134 schools at the basic education level will be reported and recommendations for quality improvements and lessons learned for the second round assessment will be explored.     

School autonomy in the province of Buenos Aires,Argentina: evidence from two school districts

This article provides empirical evidence of policy adoption, outcomes and consequences of decentralization and school autonomy initiatives enacted in Argentina during the 1990s. The study examines what school autonomy meant in Argentina and how it was adopted at the provincial and school levels. Using qualitative data on school districts of the Greater Buenos Aires, the study analyzes the role that organizational and political factors play in the implementation of school autonomy reform. Given that previous studies showed that reform praxis varies across environments, this research looks comparatively at the outcomes of the reform process across organizational systems (i.e. provincial and former national) and diverse local sociopolitical environments.     

Supporting assessment autonomy: How one small school articulated the infrastructure needed to own and use student data

This paper reports the results of an 18-month integrated, problem-solving research study of one new school’s efforts to create a K-12 system of student assessment data that reflects their innovative vision for personalized and student-centered instruction. Based on interview, observational, and documentary data, the authors report how teachers articulate, measure, and assess student core competencies, aligned with a common vision and supported by a technology interface designed to promote data use. Findings from this study add to the research literature on assessment and data use by articulating the necessary knowledge and supports teachers in new autonomous schools need to develop and formatively use student assessment data.     

Personal autonomy and the flexible school

The paper starts by emphasizing the importance of the ideal of personal autonomy as a central educational aim within liberal-democratic thought. Although this ideal has been accorded different meanings in the past 200 years, this paper focuses on J. S. Mill's view of autonomy - a very influential view within the liberal tradition and one still relevant for us today. The basic educational recommendation stemming from Mill's view of this ideal is the need to encourage experimentation in living by young people to enable them to discover their authentic wishes, capabilities and interests and to exercise themselves in the formation of life-plans. The paper points to the sharp contradiction between democratic educational thought and practice: between the ideal of autonomy and the prevailing rigid and closed school structure which usually prevents true experimentation in living. It explains this contradiction as stemming from didactic and social considerations that were valid in industrial democratic societies. The paper's main claim is that due to the electronic revolution and its social consequences, the validity of these considerations is drastically and rapidly eroding in post-industrial democratic societies, and that, therefore, a much more flexible and open school structure is today not only desirable but also didactically and socially possible. The paper ends by presenting the School as a Communications Center model of a flexible school that reflects the above rationale. This model is now in the first stage of its implementation at a comprehensive high-school in Beer-Sheva, Israel.

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Zusammenfassung Zu Beginn dieses Artikels wird die Bedeutung des Ideals einer persönlichen Autonomie als zentrales Bildungsziel innerhalb liberal-demokratischer Vorstellungen hervorgehoben. Obwohl diesem Ideal in den letzten 200 Jahren verschiedene Bedeutungen gegeben wurden, konzentriert sich der Artikel auf J. S. Mills Auslegung - eine sehr einflußreiche Auslegung innerhalb liberaler Tradition, die auch heute noch bedeutsam für uns ist. Die grundlegende von Mills Sichtweise hergeleitete Empfehlung besagt, junge Menschen anzuregen, im Leben zu experimentieren, damit sie ihre ureigensten Wünsche, Fähigkeiten und Interessen entdecken lernen und sich in der Aufstellung von Lebensplänen üben. Der Artikel weist auf den scharfen Widerspruch zwischen demokratischen Vorstellungen über Bildung und der Praxis hin: zwischen dem Ideal einer Autonomie und der vorherrschenden starren und geschlossenen Schulstruktur, die im Normalfall wahre Lebensexperimente verhindert. Dieser Widerspruch wird mit didaktischen und sozialen Erwägungen erklärt, die in industriellen demokratischen Gesellschaften Gültigkeit besaßen. Die Hauptaussage des Artikels besteht darin, daß durch die elektronische Revolution und ihre sozialen Konsequenzen die Gültigkeit dieser Aussagen in den post-industriellen demokratischen Gesellschaften drastisch und rapide verfällt und aus diesem Grund eine viel flexiblere und offenere Schulstruktur nicht nur wünschenswert sondern in didaktischer und sozialer Hinsicht auch möglich wäre. Der Artikel endet mit der Vorstellung des Modells einer flexibleren Schule, der Schule als Kommunikationscenter, das das oben ausgeführte Grundprinzip verdeutlicht. Dieses Modell befindet sich derzeit in der Einführungsphase an einer Gesamtschule in Beer-Sheva, Israel.

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Résumé Le présent article souligne l'importance de l'idéal d'autonomie personnelle comme but éducatif central de la pensée démocratique libérale. Bien que l'on ait conféré différentes significations à cet idéal au cours des deux derniers siècles, cet article est focalisé sur la vue de l'autonomie de J. S. Mill, vue très influente dans la tradition libérale et toujours pertinente pour nous de nos jours. La recommandation fondamentale en matière d'éducation qui émane de la vision de Mill de cet idéal se rapporte à la nécessité d'encourager l'expérimentation par le vécu chez les jeunes pour leur permettre de découvrir leurs véritables désirs, capacités et intérêts et de s'exercer à l'établissement de projets de vie. On met en évidence, dans cet article, la contradiction marquée entre la pensée éducative démocratique et sa pratique, entre l'idéal d'autonomie et la structure scolaire rigide et fermée qui prévaut et empêche habituellement une véritable expérimentation par le vécu. On explique cette contradiction comme procédant de considérations industrielles et sociales qui avaient cours dans les sociétés industrielles démocratiques. L'assertion majeure faite dans cet article est qu'en raison de la révolution électronique et de ses conséquences sociales, la validité dé ces considérations se dégrade d'une manière rigoureuse et rapide dans les sociétés démocratiques postindustrielles, et que, par conséquent, une structure scolaire plus flexible et plus ouverte paraît aujourd'hui non seulement souhaitable mais aussi possible d'un point de vue didactique et social. L'auteur conclut en présentant un modèle d'école flexible dit l'Ecole comme centre de communications qui traduit la réflexion ci-dessus. La première phase de ce modèle est actuellement mise en oeuvre au lycée de Beer-Sheva, en Israël.

     

教学自主论

从大量的教学理论出发,可以认识到教学活动具有自身的特殊规律和复杂的专业特点,这些规律和特点要求教学享有自主权。在中国,教学自主权没有得到足够的维护,不利于教学活动的开展,不利于中国教育的发展。在当前的中国,需要重视教学自主权的维护。     

Authenticity,autonomy and compulsory curriculum

This paper has a limited purpose. It does not pretend to present a rigorously argued position. Rather it represents, in part, an attempt to indicate in brief outline a way in which some ideas developed in what could broadly be termed ‘the existentialist tradition’ might be brought to bear on a topic of current interest in educational theorising. This will take the form of a sketch of a critique of a currently fashionable view on the topic to be considered. But, to reiterate, what follows is a sketch, only.     

自主性外语学习的影响因素

长期以来我国的教学模式使学生依赖性较强,自觉性较差,而发展学生的自觉性应从转变学生的自主学习态度入手。文章认为自主学习受诸多因素影响,必须多方努力,发挥各方面的优势,实现内外因素结合的最优化．以培养和提高学习者自主学习的意识和能力。     

自主学习中的有效迁移

影响化学学习的因素有很多,本文从如何提高化学教学质量的角度,联系主动学习,选取有效迁移这一因素,从思维方法的有效迁移,知识技能的有效迁移,化学学习态度的有效迁移三个方面阐述了观点。