用户参与创新:国外相关理论文献综述

以von Hippel为主要代表的国外创新专家通过长期深入细致的调查、观察和研究，在创新源理论和用户创新研究方面取得了丰富的成果，对他们在用户创新、领先用户和用户创新工具箱等方面的研究进行了梳理和评述，指出进一步发展和完善的研究方向。     

粘着信息与用户创新工具箱:一个研究综述

创新源理论与应用是企业创新理论中一个非常重要的研究领域 ,而粘着信息和用户创新工具箱的研究在创新源理论与应用中占据举足轻重的地位。以麻省理工学院冯·希普尔为主要代表的国外创新专家在粘着信息和用户创新工具箱等方面的研究取得了突破性的进展 ,有力地推动了创新源理论与应用的发展。本文详尽而深入地对他们在粘着信息和用户创新工具箱等方面的研究进行了评述 ,并为这些理论的进一步发展和完善指出了研究方向     

技术创新信息源新探：领先用户研究

在技术创新管理过程中，迅速而经济地获取创新思路是技术创新取得成功的关键因素，本文首先对技术创新的来源进行探讨，认为市场需求是创新的主要来源。然后，文章详细讨论了技术创新的信息来源，认为用户是重要的外部信息源。领先用户研究的运用可以使企业快速获取市场与用户中的创新信息，文章最后对领先用户研究方法进行了较深入的探讨，并就它在我国企业技术创新中的应用提出可操作化对策与建议。     

技术创新中的领先用户研究

现代企业为增强其竞争优势而日益重视产品和服务的创新。用户,尤其是领先用户,在创新过程中的作用越来越显著。本文介绍了领先用户的概念和领先用户研究的方法,以便我国企业在实践中准确理解市场需求,加速技术创新过程,最终取得创新的成功。     

企业外部创新源研究

创新是企业发展的动力,是提升企业竞争力的重要手段。为了帮助企业了解外部创新源的重要性,重新认识创新的产生过程,合理地组织其创新活动,本研究针对企业的外部创新源进行综合研究。研究通过对国内外创新来源的理论进行归纳和总结,并在Hippel对外部创新源案例研究的基础上,建立了外部创新源的基本框架,确定了用户、供应商、竞争对手这三个外部创新源,并以此为依据对外部创新源进行综合分析。通过分析提出用户、供应商、竞争对手可能拥有企业内部研发人员所没有的知识、资源和创新能力,可以成为企业重要的创新合作伙伴,并指出企业在创新的过程中重视外部创新源,合理发展与用户、供应商、竞争对手的关系,帮助企业获取大量的创意或创新技术,从而提高企业创新效率、提升创新能力。     

领先用户概念演进及影响后果:研究综述与展望

随着市场竞争加剧,企业正在积极寻找合适的用户群体整合进开发与营销过程。领先用户则可以有效地推动企业开发有市场潜力新产品和服务,并能影响随后普通用户的购买决策。基于领先用户理论研究的重要成果,分析了领先用户的概念演进和扩展,对比分析了领先用户与其他用户或员工的异同,全面剖析了领先用户在新产品开发、采用和推广方面的影响后果,深入阐述了领先用户创意评估的流程和方法。最后,对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为领先用户的未来研究及指导企业与领先用户合作进行新产品开发与营销提供参考。     

领先优势状态、价值共创与用户创新绩效:心理授权的调节作用

产品迭代速度不断加快,顾客参与意识逐渐觉醒,用户创新绩效成为影响企业产品研发速度与质量的关键因素。本研究基于开放式创新视角,以价值共创为中介变量、心理授权为调节变量,构建了领先优势状态影响用户创新绩效的理论模型,并运用相关分析与回归分析方法,对351份有效样本进行了实证分析。结果显示:领先优势状态对用户创新绩效具有正向影响;价值共创在领先优势状态与用户创新绩效之间起中介作用;心理授权正向调节领先优势状态对价值共创的影响;心理授权正向调节价值共创在领先优势状态与用户创新绩效之间的中介效应。     

领先用户研究:概念,测量与影响因素

研究领先用户,可以了解未来市场发展趋势和捕捉用户需求变化,开发更具市场潜力的新产品或服务等,并增加企业新产品或服务的竞争优势。但相关研究尚未成熟,且国内研究十分缺乏。基于相关外文数据库对领先用户理论研究的重要成果进行了梳理,深入分析了领先用户的概念、量表与测量和影响因素等。研究发现：（1）领先用户是指在特定领域处于重要市场前沿地位（领先市场趋势）,并期望从满足需求的解方案中获得高收益（高期望收益）的用户;（2）量表包括领先市场趋势和高期望收益两个基本维度;（3）影响因素由领域相关变量、领域独立变量和动机构成。最后,对未来研究方向进行了展望,以期为国内学者进一步研究领先用户及企业与领先用户合作进行新产品开发提供参考。     

我国本土高技术企业技术创新渠道源研究

本文结合技术推动理论和市场拉动理论,把技术创新源分为三种具有技术推动效应的渠道源(内部R&D、技术转让、技术溢出)和一种具有市场拉动效应的渠道源(用户创新反向传播)。基于我国高技术产业的面板数据,本文使用广义矩方法在一个统一的框架内考查了各种技术创新渠道源的有效性。实证证据表明,我国本土高技术企业的有效技术创新渠道源包括:(1)内部R&D,(2)国外技术转让,(3)产业内三资企业技术溢出,(4)产业间三资企业技术溢出,(5)国外用户创新反向传播,(6)国内用户创新反向传播。我国本土高技术企业高度依赖国外的核心技术和关键设备,这使得国内技术转让和产业间本土企业技术溢出不能成为其有效的技术创新渠道源。因此,我国政府应当制定更多优惠政策强化本土高技术企业的自主创新,并促进高科技成果的商业化。     

逆向国际化企业创新搜索平衡对双元性的影响

结合逆向国际化企业的特征,从网络嵌入和知识源利用两个维度解构该类企业的创新搜索策略,并结合战略匹配理论探讨了两种创新搜索平衡模式（国内聚焦和国外多源搜索、国内多源和国外聚焦搜索）对组织双元性的差异性影响,以及因果与效果推理在其中的调节效应。采用多元层次回归的方法对245家企业问卷数据进行实证检验,研究发现：（1）两种搜索模式对组织双元性都具有正向影响;（2）因果推理和效果推理均负向调节上述关系;（3）整合因果和效果推理能够增强国内多源和国外聚焦搜索平衡对组织双元性的影响,而对国内聚焦和国外多源搜索平衡与双元性的正向调节作用仅得到部分验证。研究结果进一步深化了整合决策理性作用下创新搜索平衡对组织双元性构建的作用机理的认识,为逆向国际化企业创新实践提供了新思路。     

Extending lead user theory to users’ innovation-related knowledge sharing in the online user community: The mediating roles of social capital and perceived behavioral control

The research on users as a source of innovation has been coming into blossom and the studies about the effect of users’ lead userness on their innovation-related activities are drawing more and more attention from both academic and business circles. However, there have been few empirical studies exploring the relationship between users’ lead userness and their innovation-related knowledge sharing behavior in the context of online user community and the mediating effects of users’ social capital and their perceived behavioral control on this relationship. By empirically analyzing the 140 data collected from an online user community that is used as an important source of innovation for a company with the structural equation modeling analysis through the partial least squares method, this study reveals that users’ lead userness has a positive relationship with their innovation-related knowledge sharing in the online user community and users’ social capital and perceived behavioral control jointly and fully mediate this positive relationship. Based on the new findings, this study is expected to provide useful implications which can contribute to widening and deepening the research stream about the effect of users’ lead userness on their innovation-related knowledge sharing in the online user community.     

基于TRIZ的用户参与企业新产品开发方法研究

将TRIZ物场分析法与用户创新源管理相结合,从企业、用户创新源、管理方式以及相互间的作用类型出发,分析模型类型,通过管理方式的替换、搭配,管理主体与用户创新源的引入、改变,针对不同物场模型类型提出了相应解决方案,并以小米公司为案例,指出了企业纳入用户创新源参与新产品开发的流程和对策。     

User innovation and knowledge sourcing: The case of financial software

According to user innovation literature, users can create important innovations and the novel functionalities embedded in those user innovations often become the sources of subsequent innovations by both other users and manufacturers. However, manufacturers are often hesitant in commercializing an innovation created by a single user due to the uncertainty around the market demands. We propose that such hesitancy will decrease when an increasing number of other users source knowledge elements from the focal user innovation and reproduce the novel functionality. Once the focal user innovation is commercialized by manufacturers, other users can purchase the novel functionality from the market rather than reproducing it in house. We propose that users capable of drawing on innovation resources are more likely to maintain in-house reproduction of the focal user innovation than users low on innovation resources. By using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis method, we analyze knowledge sourcing activities from financial software patents data, and the findings provide empirical supports for our propositions.     

企业技术创新互联网化研究——基于海尔集团的案例分析

企业应用开放式创新,在供应商、用户等利益主体的交互参与下,技术更新迭代的速度日益加快,互联网化已成技术创新的发展新趋势。采用案例分析方法,对海尔集团互联网化创新成功案例进行研究。认为网络资源丰富易得性、企业网络资源管理能力以及与网络用户的高交互程度,将促进企业技术创新,网络搜索成本及网络虚拟交易风险使企业在技术创新互联网化决策时更加谨慎。企业家精神则在企业技术创新互联网化进程中起到重要的调节作用。     

Does lead userness foster idea implementation and diffusion? A study of internal shopfloor users

While the relevance of lead users has been well established for the early phases of the innovation process, such as ideation and creativity, the relationship between lead userness and implementation and diffusion has not been investigated. This is surprising, as the conjecture that lead user ideas are more likely to be implemented and diffused than non-lead user ideas is a key tenet of lead user research. To test this conjecture we draw on a sample of 87 internal process users in a large electronics firm who submitted ideas to an idea management system. 452 ideas were suggested, of which 148 were implemented and 33 further diffused on the shopfloor. We find that higher lead userness is positively and significantly associated with the likelihood of suggested ideas being implemented and diffused. This effect is substantial: Ideas coming from lead users were more than two times more likely to be implemented and more than three times more likely to be diffused than ideas coming from non-lead users. We conclude that lead user ideas are more likely than non-lead user ideas to be implemented and diffused throughout a social system, which arguably constitutes the ultimate success of any idea. Our research contributes to research on (internal) lead users, idea management systems, and idea implementation and diffusion.     

Innovations and communication through innovative users: An exploratory mechanism of social networking website

The study focuses on which users to target and why and how to inspire their participation by applying combination of von Hippel's lead user and user innovation toolkits with Rogers’ innovation diffusion theories. After an investigation of a social networking website, this study finds that individuals with large number of hits are highly active users of new functions. Moreover, they are likely to use toolkits to customize their personal uses and respond to others’ problems. Therefore, they garner appreciation from others in return, achieve higher ranks in the top hit parade, and obtain better-expected benefits from the website's incentive compensation. This study also evaluates the toolkits’ efficacy in the Web 2.0 context and finds that they are not equivalents. This research offers insights useful for web service providers to target innovative users and create an environment using web toolkits to induce user-generated innovation and achieve better effect of innovation communication.     

创新社区中用户创新发展现状与趋势——基于系统性文献回顾与文献计量分析

采用系统性文献综述与文献计量结合的方式,探究创新社区中用户创新研究的知识结构、研究热点与发展趋势。结果显示,第一,创新领域用户创新研究呈快速增长趋势,虚拟社区成为用户参与创新活动的主要载体。第二,五个热点研究方向构成用户创新领域知识体系,包括领先用户群体的识别与利用,创新工具的使用,信息技术的应用与互动平台的搭建,服务主导逻辑的理论阐释,品牌社区的发展。第三,该领域在用户创新能力量化,用户创新体验变化以及用户创新平台完善等方面具备研究潜力。     

创新2.0:知识社会环境下的创新民主化

知识社会的流体特性推动了创新民主化,催生了创新2.0.本文从创新理论沿革及创新双螺旋作用下的创新生态培育的角度对创新2.0的理论基础和实践模式进行了初步探索,并结合对Living Lab模式、Fab Lab模式和AIP应用创新园区模式的比较研究,分析了ICT融合背景下伴随传统实验室及科技创新活动边界消融的创新民主化进程,总结了知识社会条件下以用户为中心的大众创新、共同创新、开放创新趋势,挖掘了创新2.0模式共性和内在的特点.