自我调节:从基本理论到应用研究

自我调节影响到个体身体、心理健康,教育、社会成就等多方面心理行为结果。自我调节存在多种定义,以两种取向为主,在过程上以自我监测与自我控制为核心。自我调节是具有生理基础的有限资源,前额叶是其最重要的神经结构,并以自上而下的方式对皮层下组织进行调节。在教育、工业/组织以及健康心理学中的应用研究较为广泛。未来研究中,自我调节的综合分析以及各领域间的交流合作需要加强,自我调节的能量模型需要进一步完善,中国本土研究以及跨文化研究需要增多。     

社会认知职业理论对职业发展课程的启示

近年来,中国高校的生涯教育逐渐从单纯的就业指导转变为职业生涯规划。随着职业理论的发展和引入,职业教学课程的指导理论不完善之处逐渐凸显。社会认知职业理论关注个体的主观能动性及其生涯发展过程中的动态变化过程,突破了原有理论的弊端。本研究介绍社会认知职业理论的基本内容及其三个主要模型,从兴趣培养、自我效能的提高、生涯社会支持和个人背景四个角度提出对生涯教育的切实可行的建议。     

从嵌入走向融合:社会工作助力精准扶贫的路径选择

当下精准扶贫的部署恰逢我国社会工作的初步繁荣,但是社会工作在助力精准扶贫中面临着一定的现实困难。为发挥社会工作的专业优势,通过政策嵌入、理念嵌入、方法嵌入和角色嵌入的方式将"社会工作"与"精准扶贫"建立物理性连接。之后应进一步促进二者的融合,经由精准扶贫场域拓展迈向内涵更为丰富的农村社会工作,使得社会工作能够真正扎根农村,服务农村。     

Developmental Social Cognitive Neuroscience: Insights From Deafness

The condition of deafness presents a developmental context that provides insight into the biological, cultural, and linguistic factors underlying the development of neural systems that impact social cognition. Studies of visual attention, behavioral regulation, language development, and face and human action perception are discussed. Visually based culture and language provides deaf children with affordances that promote resiliency and optimization in their development of visual engagement, executive functions, and theory of mind. These experiences promote neural adaptations permitting nuanced perception of classes of linguistic and emotional-social behaviors. Studies of deafness provide examples of how interactions and contributions of biological predispositions and genetic phenotypes with environmental and cultural factors including childhood experiences and actions of caregivers shape developmental trajectories ( M. I. Posner & M. K. Rothbart, 2007 ).     

Careers in sustainability: an application of Social Cognitive Career Theory

Adolescents’ interests and goals for pursuing a career in the environmental, social and economic sustainability domains were explored within the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) framework. Respondents were secondary school graduates from Croatia who participated in an online study (N = 582). Using SEM, the SCCT model was confirmed as an adequate framework for conceptualizing the origins of career interests and goals in the three sustainability domains, especially with contextual supports and barriers included as both direct and indirect effects (via learning experiences, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations) on goals. Implications of results for career guidance practice and policies are discussed.

     

一个非常社会化的职业

[1]"社会工作就是关于人的工作,既简单又复杂."这句话就是英国政府社会救助招募活动宣传的一个副标题,其目的就是促使更多的人进入这一领域.如果你还没有把社会工作当成一种职业--很多毕业生没有这样看,那么现在是你重新思考的时候了.……     

From Theory to Practice: A Cognitive Systems Approach

Theories of learning and teaching have tended in the past to have been derived top‐down, from existing theory. It is increasingly recognised today that such a strategy oversimplifies a complex reality, in which there is a great deal of mutual interaction. One way of handling the situation is to derive contextualised theories, such as phenomenography. Such theories are however part of a more general model based on systems theory, in which all parts of the teaching‐learning context are seen as seeking equilibrium. A “system” may exist at several levels: The student, the classroom, the institution, the community. The task of teacher and of staff developer is to achieve those good teaching practices that are viable within the existing matrix of systems and subsystems. Implications in such areas as improving teaching and assessment, using questionnaires for assessing teaching, training in study skills, and conducting research, are discussed.     

场景化课程:从问题到路径

通过分析当下广州幼儿园课程领域存在的问题,文章提出以场景化课程探索问题解决的路径,包括提炼特点,解析经验,明确不同场景的价值;提供范例与资源,启发场景及其活动的设计与实施;提供策略,形成全市课程研究共同体。文章同时对场景化课程理念、课程实施者和课程实践体系面临的困难和挑战做出了分析。     

从改良到革命－－龙璋政治生涯述论

龙璋出身于一个显赫的封建官宦家庭，走的也是传统的科举取士道路。但是，他与时俱进，最后由改良转向了革命，是辛亥革命时期湖南传统绅士从改良向革命转化的代表人物。     

从改良到革命——龙璋政治生涯述论

龙璋出身于一个显赫的封建官宦家庭 ,走的也是传统的科举取士道路。但是 ,他与时俱进 ,最后由改良转向了革命 ,是辛亥革命时期湖南传统绅士从改良向革命转化的代表人物。     

From External Regulation to Self-Regulation: Early Parenting Precursors of Young Children's Executive Functioning

In keeping with proposals emphasizing the role of early experience in infant brain development, this study investigated the prospective links between quality of parent–infant interactions and subsequent child executive functioning (EF), including working memory, impulse control, and set shifting. Maternal sensitivity, mind-mindedness and autonomy support were assessed when children were 12 to 15 months old ( N  =   80). Child EF was assessed at 18 and 26 months. All three parenting dimensions were found to relate to child EF. Autonomy support was the strongest predictor of EF at each age, independent of general cognitive ability and maternal education. These findings add to previous results on child stress-response systems in suggesting that parent–child relationships may play an important role in children's developing self-regulatory capacities.     

On Cognitive and Social Values: A Reply to My Critics

This article is a response to six critics of my article, Scientific Understanding and the Control of Nature, published as the lead article in this issue: Douglas Allchin, Roger C. Cross, William Herfel, Seng Piew Loo, Peter Machamer & Heather Douglas, and Ernan McMullin. It clarifies themes in the earlier article, responds to criticisms, and reaffirms the significance of distinguishing between cognitive and social values for the sake of gaining a better grasp of scientific understanding.     

研究性教学改革:从路径依赖到路径创造

为实现创新型人才的培养,国内许多高校都在实施研究性教学改革。文章运用经济学的路径依赖理论,通过分析研究性教学改革过程中存在的起点敏感性、效率驱动性和锁定均衡性,得出导致改革产生路径依赖的原因。作者认为借助于外界资源变化的影响力,必须重视教师、学生和教学管理者有意识地偏离既有路径的策略行为,通过路径创造才能实现研究性教学改革的跨越式发展。     

From Reading Readiness to Reading Competence: The Role of Self-Regulation in At-Risk Children

This study investigated how self-regulation contributes to the development of reading competence in an at-risk sample of 157 children born to adolescent mothers. It was hypothesized that reading readiness at age 5 would shape self-regulation at age 10, which in turn would influence reading competence at age 14. Based on structural equation modeling, it was concluded that self-regulation partially mediated the relationship between early reading skills and later reading competence. These findings suggest the importance of socioemotional and cognitive self-regulation in the development of reading competence; implications for classroom practice are discussed.     

Learning to Make Good Decisions: A Self-Regulation Perspective

Two studies were conducted to determine the extent to which feedback could improve the decision-making of adolescents and adults. In Experiment 1, 96 eighth graders and adults engaged in a task that required a choice between easy and hard questions. Two types of feedback (i.e., verbal and outcome) were used to help participants identify the type of question that would be most likely to earn them points. Results showed that (1) neither group benefited from verbal feedback, and (2) adults benefited more from outcome feedback than eighth graders. In Experiment 2, two types of feedback were once again employed in the context of a medical decision-making task. Fifty-five adults and adolescents participated. As was found in Experiment 1, adults seemed to benefit more from feedback than adolescents. In addition, intelligence was unrelated to performance. The results are interpreted within the perspective of a self-regulation model of decision-making.     

Self-Regulation May Not Be Enough: A Rejoinder to Horns-Marsh

This qualitative research study traces the motivations for teaching of 13 teacher candidates enrolled in an urban-based alternative certification program. After using a push–pull factor analysis, the data suggest that most participants left their previous careers due to financial shortcomings or work instability. As a result, these participants were also less attracted to teaching based on altruistic reasons when compared to those whose major motivation to teach occurred as part of a quest for personal fulfillment.     

从学历导向、就业导向到生涯发展导向——基于我国高职教育发展的思考

文章分析了我国高职教育“学历导向”发展阶段的特征,以及当前和今后坚持“就业导向”政策的必要性和存在的不足;从世界职教发展动向和终身学习的视角,提出了“生涯发展导向”是未来高职教育理性抉择的观点。     

社会占位:教师职业倦怠的一种社会学分析

本文借用布迪厄的社会占位概念分析教师职业倦怠,试图找出二者之间的关联性,并着重分析了由社会占位引起的三种职业倦怠表现,职业位置的特殊性引发的精神危机、大学行政化取向导致教师占位不利、在社会网络中被边缘化等,希望能为高校教师的职业倦怠寻求一种新的解释.