语言象似性初探

语言象似性在过去几十年一直为语言学界所关注,现已成为认知语言学研究的重点。通过对象似性的概念、其与任意性的关系及语言象似性的基本原则等方面的探讨,可以看出语言结构确实在很多方面表现出与人的认知结构、概念结构相照应的现象,尤其是在顺序象似性、距离象似性、数量象似性等方面,但同时也不应否认语言任意性的基础地位。     

Response to Phillips

Phillips’ paper recognizes an important distinction between the structure of information in a discipline and the structure of knowledge of that information, or cognitive structure. However, Phillips contends that the discipline structure is sufficient for instruction, and ignores important issues that are addressed in the analysis of cognitive structure that are important for instruction. Phillips’ contention that inferences cannot be made about cognitive structure is fallacious. In contrast to the impression given by Phillips, the distinction between cognitive structure and the structure of a discipline involves difficult theoretical and philosophical questions about the nature of knowledge.     

隐喻的认知演变：汉语年俗证据

隐喻的认知研究成为最近三十年的热门话题。从汉语春节过年的食物、数字、装饰以及生肖等其他文化特征项目看隐喻,文章赞同认知观对于隐喻的认定：即隐喻是两个认识域的投射,概念隐喻存在并具有文化共核,以及隐喻普遍存在并对认知和思维有着重要的影响。     

From Grounding Metaphors to Technological Devices: A Call for Legitimacy in School Mathematics

The mutual relationship between real objects and mathematical constructions is at the very base of studies concerned with making sense in mathematics. In this wider perspective recent research studies have been concerned with the cognitive roots of mathematical concepts. Human perception and movement and, more generally, interaction with space and time are recognized as being of crucial importance for knowledge construction. A new approach to the cognitive science of mathematics, based on the notion of ‘embodied cognition’ assumes that mathematics cannot be considered as mind free. Accordingly, mathematical concepts derive from the cognitive activities of subjects and are highly influenced by the body structure. This article reports some examples of teaching experiments based on body-related metaphors. Some of them are carried out by means of technological devices. A call for legitimacy in school mathematics is made, both for an embodied cognition perspective and for a related use of technology. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

认识模式与存在模式——心理学中两种主要研究取向的关系探究

在心理学发展过程中内隐地存在着两种研究取向,即认识模式与存在模式。认识模式又分为认识论取向的认识模式与自然科学取向的认识模式两种,前者是哲学认识论问题在心理学中的反映,而后者则是严格效法自然科学的结果。存在模式则以关注整体的、在世生存的、活生生的人为旨归。两种模式对心理学的发展都有其贡献及不足,二者的有机融合将会更好地促进心理学的发展。     

论认识的主体性具有社会性

认识的主体是人，而不是某种精神性的实体，但是，人是在改造外部世界的社会实践活动中才成为人的，才成为认识的主体的，因此，认识的主体性具有社会性。     

高中信息技术学习之前的认知状况调查——基于CTCL的信息技术学科学习心理研究(1)

基于CTCL研究范式,从"学习之前的认知状况"的角度,对信息技术学科学习心理进行研究。以"汉字的处理"及"计算机病毒"学习内容为例,采用非概率随意抽样的方法选取了即将初中毕业的70名学生,对其认知状况进行了开放式问卷调查。研究表明:高中信息技术学习之前的认知可以分为术语模糊替换、认知结构不当、认知零星分散、认知黑箱四种类型。对于学生在日常生活中不太熟悉的学习内容,学习之前认知类型以认知结构不当、认知零星分散及认知黑箱居多;对于学生在日常生活中较为熟悉的学习内容,学习之前认知类型集中在认知结构不当及认知黑箱两种类型中。最后,尝试对高中信息技术基于学生认知的教学设计提出一些建议。     

大学生思想政治理论课认知结构特点及建构

思想政治理论课教学实效性不强是当前高校思想政治教育中普遍存在的问题,究其原因有多个方面,其中大学生对思想政治理论课缺乏合理、完善的认知结构是关键原因,当前大学生对思想政治理论课的认知结构有封闭性、平面性和惰性化的特点,怎样建构、丰富和完善大学生思想政治理论课的认知结构？根据认知结构的变量因素,建构完善的认知结构从三个方面着手：开放的认知结构、多维的认知结构和具有创生性的认知结构。     

创新活动的概念整合分析

人们在思维和交际时,大脑会根据输入的信息不断构建临时的小概念包,存储于虚拟的心理空间,完成意义和结构的重组、合成和扩展,进而生成新的概念。语言的理解和生成离不开对概念的整合。概念整合不但是新的语言表达出现的重要认知机制,它还能触发科技上的创新,将新概念转化为新产品。     

基于人机耦合的认知结构可视化研究

认知结构是大脑学习、智能活动的基础,客观性毋庸置疑,但其存在于脑内对其观测、量化、可视化研究是难点.基于新一代认知观构建人机认知耦合环境,脑内认知以Agent方式被诱导到认知信息空间观测研究是新思路.认知结构耦合可视化方法建立认知元素、关联、模式、阶层、拓扑等对象,形成可视化复杂认知网络.复杂认知网络是高维认知结构的低维投影,为认知结构、动力研究提供新思路.     

谈新兴“被XX”的构式义

"被XX"是近期非常活跃的一个构式,具有独特而完整的构式义。我们通过大量调查研究后发现,"被XX"是具评判义的认知类构式,其构式义可以简单地概括为"否认",既包括对事实的否认,即"没有XX,却被认为是XX";也包括对能愿性的否认,即"不能或不愿XX,却XX了"。     

On quagmires,philosophical and otherwise: A reply to Phillips

This reply addresses three related problems in research on cognitive structure identified by Phillips: (a) the difficulty (impossibility for Phillips?) of inferring cognitive structure from observed behavior, (b) the confounding of cognitive structure with subject‐matter structure, and (c) the validity of construct interpretations of cognitive‐structure measurements. Inference from behavior to cognitive structure can be made if done carefully and cautiously under adequate constraints placed on the data. Cognitive structure is not confounded with subject‐matter structure; to the contrary, cognitive structure has been defined as the student's public understanding of the subject‐matter structure. Extensive prior research has supported cognitive‐structure interpretations of word association, similarity judgment, card sorting, and graph building measurements. Additional criticisms also are discussed.     

A context-aware ubiquitous learning approach for providing instant learning support in personal computer assembly activities

Personal computer assembly courses have been recognized as being essential in helping students understand computer structure as well as the functionality of each computer component. In this study, a context-aware ubiquitous learning approach is proposed for providing instant assistance to individual students in the learning activity of a computer-assembly course. In addition to comparing the learning achievements and learning satisfaction of the students who learned with context-aware ubiquitous learning and conventional technology-enhanced instruction, the computer-assembling performance, cognitive load, learning perceptions, as well as the learning attitudes of the students are also discussed. It was found that those students utilizing context-aware ubiquitous learning achieved better effects than those with conventional technology-enhanced learning. Moreover, with context-aware ubiquitous learning, the field-independent students presented higher acceptance of cognitive load, and more positive learning experience, learning perceptions, learning satisfaction, and learning attitudes than the field-dependent students.     

The episodic/semantic memory distinction as an heuristic in the study of instructional effects on cognitive structure

Previous attempts to measure the effects of instruction on students' cognitive structure have produced inconsistent and ambiguous findings. One reason may be that researchers have not distinguished between well-learned, abstracted information and memorized facts or formulas. Using the distinction between episodic and semantic memory as an heuristic, a procedure was designed to increase the likelihood that student performance on structure tasks was indicative of semantic rather than episodic memory. Significant correlations between measures of cognitive structure and performance on achievement test items were observed. In addition, partial correlations revealed that the measures of cognitive structure are correlated with the achievement items tapping higher-order cognitive processes and not with items tapping lower-order processes. These results are interpreted as supporting the argument that related research needs to be guided by theory-based definitions of cognitive structure.     

论认知结构与信息加工过程

认知结构是指认知活动的组织形态与信息加工的方式。包含了在认知活动中的组成成分及成分之间的相互作用等一系列的操作过程, 即心理活动的机制。心理系统由感受、效应系统、操作系统、贮存系统、自动控制系统、动力系统、情绪系统组成; 认知结构是整个心理系统的一个子系统; 信息加工的过程分为连续加工的四个阶段： 编码－ 匹配－ 选择－ 反应; 随着年龄的增长, 信息加工速度的发展具有相同的阶段和变化模式, 但不同的加工内容, 其加工阶段的变化是不同的     

口译笔记策略认知分析

本文运用思维导图的基本理念尝试对口译笔记策略进行认知分析,指出口译笔记策略充分运用形象化的策略（如斜式结构、字词、线条、数字、代码、图像等）使抽象的思维过程得以清楚展示,突出信息结构,让重点和关键信息清晰陈列,使各个观念之间的逻辑关系更加明晰,使信息以最自然的方式进入大脑,从而更有利于信息的存储和提取,促进口译任务高质量的完成。     

日语动词[あける]容器图式的认知视角

利用认知语言学的相关理论来阐释日语动词[あける]的认知视角,以期证明[あける]所具有的多项意义并不是该词本身固有的,一成不变的东西,而是来源于人们容器图式的认知联想。日语动词「あける」在使用过程中总是和容器图式联系在一起,从而形成了和容器图式有联系的多义范畴。另外,由于容器范畴是一个开放的范畴,所以[あける]表达的语义边界也不是固定的、明确的,而是变化的、具有弹性的。     

L’education cognitive à l’ecole

The acquaintance of the importance of cognitive tools for adaptation to our technological society that has a high degree of complexity joined to the important development of cognitive theories (from Piaget to information processing) has giving birth to an important streem of works that try to verify the influence of different forms of intervention on cognitive performance and develop a conception of cognitive education. Most works have focused on re-education methods, that means on methods intended for subjects presenting difficulties or backwardness in their cognitive functioning and being in different situations of failure. But, we must realize the importance, for all individuals, of developing to the highest degree their cognitive education at school intended to every body. This cognitive education must be preventive as much as remedial. In this article we describe what we think are the principles underlying that kind of cognitive education. These principles are not necessarily different from those underlying cognitive re-education but their importance and their applicability vary a lot in the two contexts.     

基于行为链模式对汉英动宾结构构建的研究

通过行为链模式对比分析汉、英动宾结构的构建过程,发现汉、英动宾结构存在普遍相似性,除典型动宾结构呈现对称性特征外,英语动宾结构在构建过程中也体现了语义结构的兼容能力,出现代体宾语的现象,进一步证实了思维的隐喻性与转喻性是人类所共有的普遍认知方式;另一方面,汉、英动宾结构的构建过程也存在明显差异性,行为链模式相逆相异,表现为英语缺少施事宾语,而汉语少见同源宾语等,另外,英语的代体宾语数量远远低于I汉语,说明各民族虽然具有相仿的认知方式,但认知过程均有所不同。