The Social Dynamics of Aggressive and Disruptive Behavior in School: Implications for Behavior Consultation

The role of social dynamics in the establishment and maintenance of aggressive and disruptive behavior is reviewed and discussed in light of consultation. Three key areas are outlined: the contributions of social structures to interpersonal conflict, the relation between peer associations and problem behavior, and the relation between social positions and problem behavior. This article suggests that direct intervention efforts (e.g., social skills training, behavior management strategies, peer support strategies, grouping practices) can be augmented by information about ongoing social dynamics in the classroom and school. Specific ways that behavior consultants can use social dynamic information to support the direct intervention efforts of teachers and administrators are discussed.     

儿童攻击性行为的功能性评估及干预

攻击性行为是儿童身上常见的一种问题行为,对于被攻击者和攻击者的身心健康都会产生严重的伤害.功能性行为评估分为收集信息、建立假设、验证假设三个基本步骤,这一评估理论强调通过了解问题行为的前提和结果,推测问题行为产生的原因,从而有针对性地制订干预策略,有效消除儿童的问题行为.     

团体心理辅导在专业调剂生学习动机干预中的作用

目的探讨团体心理辅导对专业调剂生学习动机的干预效果。方法设置实验组、对照组大一专业调剂生各25名,对实验组进行8次为期8周的团体心理辅导,干预前后分别评估各组专业调剂生学习动机的2个维度。结果接受团体辅导后,实验组在后测中学习动机两个维度的分数显著高于前测,对照组在学习动机前后测的分数上没有显著差异。实验组、对照组后测分数上存在显著差异。结论团体心理辅导能有效提高专业调剂生的学习动机。     

Aggressive Behavior of Nursery School Children and Adult Procedures in Dealing with Such Behavior

This study explored the influence of an excessively challenging reading task on middle school students’ motivation, attributions for failure, and persistence. In particular, the authors considered the possibility that relative topic interest might function as a buffer against the negative outcomes of excessive challenge. Students ranging from 10 to 14 years of age read a passage that was well beyond their current reading ability under 2 matched experimental conditions: high relative topic interest and low relative topic interest. Higher relative interest in the story topic buffered some of the negative influences of excessive challenge, sustaining interest/enjoyment of the task, and was related to fewer attributions for difficulty to any cause and persistence with the task.     

正向行为支持对自闭症儿童攻击行为干预的作用

本研究旨在探讨正向行为支持对改善自闭症儿童攻击性行为的成效,研究选取康复中心就读的一名自闭症儿童,采用单一被试实验研究法中的ABC设计,在对个案进行功能性行为评估的基础上制订并实施了积极行为支持计划。研究结果表明:积极行为支持对降低研究对象的攻击性行为有立即成效和维持成效。     

我国幼儿攻击性行为干预效果及调节因素的元分析

为综合评价我国幼儿攻击性行为研究干预效果,进一步探究幼儿攻击性行为干预的调节因素,以"幼儿攻击性行为干预""幼儿冲突行为干预""幼儿欺负行为干预"为检索策略,运用Reva Man 5.3软件对我国幼儿攻击性行为干预实验结果进行元分析,并分析干预方式、干预对象、干预时间、测量工具等调节因素对干预效果的影响(纳入26个独立效应量,N=875)。结果表明:我国幼儿攻击行为干预整体上达到中等强度效果量〔SMD=-0.77,95%CI(-0.91,-0.62),P<0.000 1〕;行为干预比游戏干预更有效;干预时长与干预效果存在动态的关系;以家庭为对象的干预方式效果优于直接作用于幼儿的干预方式;测量工具的差异会对研究结果产生一定影响。     

Two-Part Factor Mixture Modeling: Application to an Aggressive Behavior Measurement Instrument

This study introduces a two-part factor mixture model as an alternative analysis approach to modeling data where strong floor effects and unobserved population heterogeneity exist in the measured items. As the names suggests, a two-part factor mixture model combines a two-part model, which addresses the problem of strong floor effects by decomposing the data into dichotomous and continuous response components, with a factor mixture model, which explores unobserved heterogeneity in a population by establishing latent classes. Two-part factor mixture modeling can be an important tool for situations in which ordinary factor analysis produces distorted results and can allow researchers to better understand population heterogeneity within groups. Building a two-part factor mixture model involves a consecutive model building strategy that explores latent classes in the data for each part as well as a combination of the two-part. This model building strategy was applied to data from a randomized preventive intervention trial in Baltimore public schools administered by the Johns Hopkins Center for Early Intervention. The proposed model revealed otherwise unobserved subpopulations among the children in the study in terms of both their tendency toward and their level of aggression. Furthermore, the modeling approach was examined using a Monte Carlo simulation.     

School-Based Programs for Increasing Connectedness and Reducing Risk Behavior: A Systematic Review

School connectedness has a significant impact on adolescent outcomes, including reducing risk-taking behavior. This paper critically examines the literature on school-based programs targeting increased connectedness for reductions in risk taking. Fourteen articles describing seven different school-based programs were reviewed. Programs drew on a range of theories to increase school connectedness, and evaluations conducted for the majority of programs demonstrated positive changes in school connectedness, risk behavior, or a combination of the two. Many of the reviewed programs involved widespread school system change, however, which is frequently a complex and time-consuming task. Future research is needed to examine the extent of intervention complexity required to result in change. This review also showed a lack of consistency in the definitions and measurement of connectedness as well as few mediation analyses testing assumptions of impact on risk-taking behavior through increases in school connectedness. Additionally, this review revealed very limited evaluation of the elements of multicomponent programs that are most effective in increasing school connectedness and reducing adolescent risk taking.     

自闭症儿童攻击行为功能评估及干预策略研究进展

以积极行为支持理念为指导,干预人员要对自闭症儿童的攻击行为进行功能评估。研究发现,自闭症儿童攻击行为产生的主要功能特点是正强化、负强化及感觉调整或感觉刺激。文章基于自闭症儿童攻击行为的功能评估,梳理与总结了如下干预策略:事前控制,防范于未然;社会消退,阻断强化来源;区分强化,培养合适替代行为;常规塑造,建立有效沟通技能。     

The Impact of Context on the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Special Elementary School Children

The role of context in the development of child aggression was studied. The effects of peer aggregation and group composition on aggression development in intervention contexts and classroom contexts were compared using 71 elementary school children. We hypothesized that, due to peer group effects, group-trained children would benefit less from a social skills intervention program than individually trained children. We further hypothesized that children who transferred from special to regular education would show a change toward less aggression. This was hypothesized because of the relatively fewer accounts of negative peer-group effects in regular education. The results show that the social skills intervention program did not have differential effects for group-trained versus individually trained children. However, a change toward less aggression was found in children who transferred from special to regular education. We suggest that interventions toward decreasing child aggression might be more fruitful if the social context in which the children operate daily is considered.     

同学和家人支持对经历留守高中生情绪适应影响的干预研究

为了探索同学支持和家人支持对改善经历留守学生情绪适应的效果,以经历过留守的高一学生为被试,设计并实施了同学支持和家人支持干预方案。结果发现,单一的同学支持干预效果不显著,同学支持和家人支持的联合干预有助于降低经历留守学生的抑郁,但在短期的干预中,情感投入、焦虑和孤独变化不显著,并且单一的同学支持作用是有限的。     

运用图片交换沟通系统改善自闭症儿童需求表达及攻击行为的个案研究

图片交换沟通系统是以传统的应用行为分析为理论基础,利用图片作为媒介对重度自闭症儿童沟通技能进行干预的辅助性沟通系统.本研究采用单一被试的跨情境跨行为多基线设计,对一名四岁重度自闭症幼儿进行图片交换沟通系统干预.研究结果表明图片交换沟通系统产生了积极效果,自闭症儿童的需求表达行为明显增加,而其攻击性行为也随之减少.此外,本研究为未来开展自闭症儿童图片交换沟通系统的研究与实践干预提供建议.     

Motivation,Intelligence, and Creative Behavior in Elementary School Children of Low-Creative Ability

Subjects were three groups of sixth-grade students relatively low in creative ability. It was predicted that a set of training sessions which included both instructions to respond creatively and verbal reinforcement for creative responding would be more effective in increasing creative responses than either simple practice or instructions to respond creatively without accompanying reinforcement. It was also predicted that more-intelligent subjects would benefit more than less-intelligent subjects from the experimental treatment which included reinforcement. Results confirmed the first hypothesis whether creative responding was operationalized in terms of number of responses, number of unique responses, or percentage of unique responses. The second hypothesis was not supported, but the main effect of intelligence was significant both for the number of unique responses and the percentage of unique responses, though not for the total number of responses.     

Reducing Abstraction: The Case of School Mathematics

There is a growing interest in the mathematics education community in the notion of abstraction and its significance in the learning of mathematics. Reducing abstraction is a theoretical framework that examines learners behavior in terms of coping with abstraction level. It refers to situations in which learners are unable to manipulate concepts presented in a given problem; therefore, they unconsciously reduce the level of abstraction of the concepts involved to make these concepts mentally accessible. This framework has been used for explaining students conception in different areas of undergraduate mathematics and computer science. This article extends the applicability scope of this framework from undergraduate mathematics to school mathematics. We draw on recently published research articles and exemplify how students behavior can be described in terms of various interpretations of reducing abstraction level.     

大学生学习动因分析与调整

主体的学习状态对学习效果的影响显而易见,对培养质量也起到非常关键的决定作用.作为学习主体的高校大学生目前的学习状况并不令人满意,很多学生处于被动学习状态,缺乏学习目标,主体意识薄弱.高校应积极采取措施,调动和激发出作为教育主体的学生的内在学习动力,使他们由被动学习状态变为主动学习状态,促使外在的资源通过学生的主动学习内化为其自身的素质和能力.     

调动中小学生学习积极性的"发动机"——学习动机

中小学生的知识学习过程受多种因素的影响。其中非智力因素对学生的学习会产生十分重要的作用,动机在各种非智力因素中又处于核心地位,而学习动机又是调动中小学生积极性的原动力。是什么原因造成中小学生学习动机不足,如何针对这些不足来改善教学,真正调动他们的学习积极性,这正是本文写作的目的。     

高校青年教师心理压力管控与调适

高校青年教师心理压力问题日益凸显,广受关注。文章从内源和外源2个向度上进行了青年教师心理压力归因,并据此提出科学合理的调适策略。     

儿童攻击行为的评估与治疗

攻击行为是目前儿童中常见的一种问题行为。本文介绍了儿童攻击行为的影响因素、评估方法、治疗策略。在此基础上,提出了今后研究的方向。