民族心理学--心理学的现象学视角

民族心理学研究对象和方法的独特性,以及研究中对文化参量的重视,有助于克服传统科学心理学的许多弊端,为心理学家提供一种理解人类心理的新视角.     

The lack of representation of educational psychology and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks

The first goal of this study was to look at the representation of educational and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks. Research into the representation of other sub‐fields of psychology has been conducted but no research has looked specifically at educational or school psychology. The second goal was to compare the representation of educational and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks to see if one or the other is receiving more coverage. Third, the textbooks with the most coverage were listed in order to aid educational and school psychologists teaching introductory psychology courses in selecting textbooks that adequately cover material from their sub‐fields. A total of 57 introductory psychology textbooks were content analyzed: 65% of the introductory psychology textbooks had educational psychology material and 65% had school psychology material. However, in the textbooks containing this material the educational and school psychology material made up only .29% and .19% of the textbooks’ total content.     

Cultural psychology as a transformative agent for vocational psychology

Vocational psychology is need of reinvigoration and one way to achieve this goal is by re-examining vocational psychology in the light of cultural psychology. Vocational psychology is a cultural enterprise and the embeddedness of culture needs to be more fully incorporated into career theory and research. Cross-cultural and cultural psychology are described. Specific reference is made as to how core vocational concepts, such as development and the self, can be re-interpreted through cultural lenses.     

浅论生态心理学

生态心理学是一门综合的学科,涉及到环境哲学、心理学和生态学等。生态心理学对由于环境的改变、恶化对人生理和心理上的影响或者良好的生态环境对心理以及生理疾病治愈的促进作用进行研究。生态心理学是从人类心理的角度呼吁保护环境,使人与自然能够和谐相处。     

Introducing positive psychology: Finding a place within school psychology

An introduction to the special issue addressing positive psychology and its “place” in and implications for schools is provided. The articles contained within the issue are described within the context of our perspective regarding positive psychology in schools. As the study of positive psychology continues to evolve, it is likely that its application within other fields (including school psychology) will be more clearly expressed. We contend that the “success” of introducing, implementing, and sustaining positive psychology within schools may be dependent on its early yet also sustained integration across multiple contexts. And, a “positive” school psychology will require attention to the convergence of multiple, diverse areas of literature. The articles within this special issue begin this movement toward finding either a place for positive psychology within school psychology or a place for school psychology within positive psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 1–5, 2004.     

Evolutionary developmental psychology

Evolutionary developmental psychology is the study of the genetic and ecological mechanisms that govern the development of social and cognitive competencies common to all human beings and the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions. The basic assumptions and domains of this emerging field, as related to human life history and social and cognitive development, are outlined, as are implications for issues of importance in contemporary society.     

Training psychology students to think critically: Revisiting psychology as science

Abstract

This article argues that South African psychology lecturers do not place sufficient emphasis in their teaching on critical thinking skills and on the application of these skills in the discipline of psychology. Students therefore often commit various errors in thinking such as hindsight bias, confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, the notion of “post hoc ergo propter hoc”, the idea that correlation equals causation, a reliance on an intuitive sense, reversed burden of proof, and over-reliance on testimonial and anecdotal evidence. Also, little emphasis is placed on scepticism, considering alternative explanations for phenomena, and demanding evidence for claims about human behaviour, creating conditions for unscientific and pseudoscientific beliefs to have credibility among psychology graduates. It is proposed that critical skills need to be taught in psychology courses, including rooting out gullibility and replacing it with skepticism, the principle of falsification, demanding evidence to support a claim, understanding the hierarchy of evidence, and engaging in probabilistic thinking.     

Perspectives on educational psychology

As a background, the views are presented of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Friedrich Herbart, who had a five-step proposal for teaching. I then review briefly the new psychology of G. Stanley Hall and William James, followed by trends in psychology and education in the early twentieth century. The influences of psychoanalysis and Gestalt psychology are addressed, as well as the development of educational psychology textbooks and the growth of instructional psychology.     

流动儿童心理状况研究综述

随着农村劳动力持续流向城市,流动儿童的相关问题日益突出,为了全面了解流动儿童的心理状况,对流动儿童心理状况的最新研究成果进行综述分析。总的来看,流动儿童的心理素质状况不如非流动儿童,主要表现在社会适应、自尊水平、歧视知觉、情绪问题、行为问题五方面。也有学者认为,流动儿童与其他儿童的心理素质没有显著性差异。因此,需辩证地对待流动儿童群体,用积极的方式助其发展,使之成为未来社会更强大的主人。     

理论心理学述评

本文述介了建立理论心理学的必要性,它的研究对象和方法以及理论心理学家所起的作用。对理论心理学作出了一定的评论,指出理论心理学是一门元理论,是科学领域中不可分割的一部分。本文同时也论及了理论心理学所存在的不足之处     

网络传播中的\

以“新型冠状病毒疫情”为例,选取中国互联网联合辟谣平台所披露的谣言信息为研究对象,从谣言主题、指涉目标、佐证证据、内容主张、谣言表现方式五个维度,对疫情相关谣言文本特征进行内容分析。研究发现,谣言善于利用受众心理,强化重要性和接近性,展现权威性与表述模糊化交织,信息真假掺杂有辨别难度,营造理性冷静的话语方式。谣言主题以病例与防疫措施相关话题为主,指涉目标多为事件及机构、时间地点指向明确,佐证证据突出权威与图证,内容主张以分享新知为主、行动建议为辅,多采用无指称且模糊性第三方来源的简短叙事型表现方式。研究提出,由官方、专家、媒体、专业辟谣组织、网络意见领袖共同搭建信息发布和谣言治理平台,政府、媒体和民众多方发力,加强科学传播,压缩谣言滋生时间空间,对突发性重大公共卫生事件网络谣言进行治理。     

Dimensions of instructional psychology

This paper highlights eight topics cogent to psychologically enlightened instructional theory. Discussed issues include: (1) a multivariate model of man, (2) American school's cultural heritage, (3) the limitations of scientific reductionism, (4) developmentalism in school learning, (5) individual differences, (6) decision-oriented instructional research, (7) teacher education, and (8) the separation of learning theory from instructional theory. Implications for future instructional theorizing are offered.